Science & Mathematics

Recent advancements in computer vision and machine learning (ML) have revolutionised various sectors, including precision agriculture (PA). In our study, we focused on detecting tomato leaf diseases (TLD) using deep learning (DL) techniques. Using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model, we developed an agricultural image index to accurately detect TLD. By utilizing available datasets from Kaggle, we trained our model to recognize various TLDs. To determine the most effective one, we compared multiple architectures, including VGG, ResNet, and EfficientNetB1. The obtained results demonstrated a classification accuracy of over 99% on the test set. This approach has allowed us to accelerate and enhance the disease detection process, positively impacting agricultural communities by reducing crop losses and enabling early intervention in case of disease outbreaks. Our study highlights the effectiveness of CNN models in the detection of TLD, paving the way for future applications in PA.

Surunkali yiringli o‘rta otit (SYО‘O) bolalar va kattalar orasida keng tarqalgan patologiya bo‘lib, o‘rta quloq bo‘shlig‘ining uzoq davom etuvchi yallig‘lanishi bilan tavsiflanadi. Ushbu kasallikda mahalliy va umumiy immun tizimining holati kasallikning klinik kechishi va davolashga javob berishini aniqlovchi muhim omillardan biridir.

संत वील्होजी द्वारा विष्णोई पंथ को नए सिरे से संवल प्रदान किए और वील्होजी ने कई सामाजिक सुधार कर विष्णोई पंथ को सुदृढ़ एवं प्रतिष्ठावान बनाया। इन्होंने अनेक जनकल्याणकारी कार्य किए। वील्होजी द्वारा तत्कालीन मारवाड़ व मेवाड़ क्षेत्र में व्याप्त कुरितियों को समूल नष्ट किया एवं सर्वसमाज को न्याययुक्त व सममूल्यक बनाया। वील्होजी द्वारा दिए गए उपदेश व प्रवचन आज भी समाज के लिए सर्वोपरि हैं।

Ushbu tezisda globallashuv haqida dastlabki tushunchalar va undagi raqamli iqtisodiyotning o’rni haqida berilgan. Raqamli iqtisodiyotning tezkor rivojlanishi internet, sun’iy intelekt, kata hajmdagi ma’lumotlarni tahlil qilish (Big Data), blokcheyn va kriptovalyutalar kabi innovatsion texnologiyalarga bog’liq. Ushbu jarayon xalqaro savdoni osonlashtiradi, iqtisodiy o’sishni jadallashtiradi va yangi ish o’rinlarini yaratadi. Shu bilan birga, kiberxavfsizlik, raqamli t5afovut va ishchi kuchining avtomatlashtirish natijasida qisqarishi kabi muammolar ham mavjud.

Ushbu maqolada sun’iy intellekt (SI) texnologiyalarining hozirgi rivojlanish bosqichlari, ularning asosiy yo‘nalishlari hamda amaliy qo‘llanilish sohasi tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada sun’iy intellektning tarixiy taraqqiyot bosqichlari, mashinali va chuqur o‘rganish texnologiyalarining o‘ziga xos jihatlari, shuningdek, zamonaviy SI tizimlarining inson faoliyatidagi o‘rni yoritilgan.

Tariff Wars and Bilateral Trade Dynamics Between India and the United States offers an in-depth examination of the complex trade relationship between two major global economies. The book explores how tariff policies, retaliatory measures, and trade negotiations have reshaped bilateral trade flows and sectoral performance. It analyzes key policy shifts, including trade disputes under evolving global economic frameworks, and assesses their impact on exporters, consumers, and economic growth. The book adopts an interdisciplinary approach, combining international trade theory, economic policy analysis, and real-world trade data. It provides insights into the strategic motivations behind tariff impositions and evaluates their effectiveness in achieving economic and political objectives. Additionally, the work discusses future prospects for India–US trade relations in the context of global supply chain restructuring and economic diplomacy. Designed for scholars, students, policymakers, and trade professionals, this book serves as a valuable resource for understanding contemporary trade conflicts and their implications for bilateral and global trade governance.

Background: Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, with significant disparities in outcomes based on socioeconomic status (SES). This comprehensive review examines the complex relationships between socioeconomic factors and breast cancer detection, treatment, and survival outcomes. Methods: We conducted a systematic analysis of current literature from multiple databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, focusing on studies published between 2000-2025 that investigated socioeconomic determinants of breast cancer outcomes. Results: Low SES is consistently associated with later stage at diagnosis, reduced access to guideline-concordant care, and worse survival outcomes. Women with lower SES have a 16-37% higher risk of breast cancer-specific mortality compared to those with higher SES. Disparities in mammography screening, Oncotype DX testing (with 41.4% overall testing rate but significantly lower rates in low-SES groups), and treatment adherence mediate these survival differences. Neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors independently influence outcomes beyond individual socioeconomic measures. Conclusions: Socioeconomic factors significantly impact breast cancer detection and survival through complex, multifactorial pathways. Addressing these disparities requires coordinated interventions at health system, community, and policy levels to improve equitable access to screening, precision diagnostics, and timely treatment

Mazkur maqolada bolalarda ijodiy fikrlash va yaratuvchanlikni shakllantirish jarayonining psixologik-pedagogik jihatlari tahlil qilinadi. Zamonaviy ta’limning asosiy vazifalaridan biri sifatida ijodkorlikni erta yoshdan rivojlantirishning ahamiyati asoslab beriladi. Tadqiqot davomida bolalarning tasavvuri, noodatiy yechim topish ko‘nikmalari hamda mustaqil fikrlash jarayoniga ta’sir etuvchi omillar o‘rganildi. Maqola yakunida ijodkorlikni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan amaliy tavsiyalar berilgan.

Childhood pneumonia remains one of the leading causes of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality among children under five years of age worldwide. Lower respiratory tract infections account for a substantial proportion of pediatric hospital admissions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Streptococcus pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are among the most significant etiological agents responsible for severe disease. Vaccination represents the most effective preventive strategy. This thesis evaluates the effectiveness and coverage of pneumococcal and RSV vaccines in reducing childhood pneumonia-related hospitalizations based on international clinical, epidemiological, and public health evidence.

У статті проаналізовано художньо-конструктивні особливості традиційного костюма кочових племен Аравійського півострова та Північної Африки (бедуїнів). Досліджено принципи багатошаровості, крою та вибору матеріалів, які забезпечують терморегуляцію в екстремальних умовах пустелі. Розглянуто регіональні відмінності вбрання, роль аксесуарів та орнаментики як маркерів соціальної ідентичності. На основі проведеного аналізу обґрунтовано концепцію створення колекції сучасного жіночого одягу в стилістиці «постапокаліптичної пустелі», де етнічні елементи інтегруються з утилітарною функціональністю.

(Uploaded by Plazi for the IPBES Invasive Alien Species Assessment) No abstract provided.

Mazkur maqolada bank kartalaridan foydalanish bilan bog‘liq firibgarlik jinoyatlarining kriminalistik tavsifi keng yoritilgan. Unda mazkur turdagi jinoyatlarning sodir etilish usullari, jinoyatchilar tomonidan qo‘llaniladigan texnik va psixologik ta’sir vositalari, firibgarlikning asosiy shakllari hamda ularning zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari bilan uzviy bog‘liqligi tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, bank kartalari orqali sodir etiladigan firibgarlik jinoyatlarining izlari, jinoyat sodir etuvchi shaxslarning tipik belgilarini aniqlash, jabrlanuvchilarning xatti-harakatlari hamda ushbu jinoyatlarni fosh etish va tergov qilishda kriminalistik ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan omillar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqolada amaldagi qonunchilik, huquqni muhofaza qiluvchi organlar amaliyoti hamda statistik ma’lumotlar asosida xulosalar chiqarilib, mazkur jinoyatlarning oldini olishga doir taklif va tavsiyalar berilgan.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: This review analyzes the epidemiological situation of fungal and bacterial infections in Russia, including the identification of priority pathogens based on WHO data, their geographic distribution, impact on various age or social groups, and infection severity. The analysis covers the dynamics of infection prevalence over the past 10 years. Additionally, it examines the impact of the identified trends on population morbidity, mortality, and disability rates. DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS: The analysis was based on official statistics from Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare (FSOCPW, Russia), information from the WHO, and data from papers published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. It considers population morbidity and mortality rates together with factors influencing the spread of infections, namely, changes in virulence, development of antibiotic resistance, spread of resistant strains, and emerging pathogens. The data used for the assessment of infectious disease dynamics over the past 10 years also include such factors as climate change, urbanization, and migration, together with the geographic distribution of infectious diseases and their demographic impact. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the need for continuous epidemiological monitoring, development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and strengthening of measures to combat antibiotic resistance in Russia.