Humanities & Social Sciences

Focusing on Western tourism behind the Iron Curtain, this chapter introduces the main research questions addressed in the volume: firstly, how and why Eastern Europe became a tourist destination for citizens of the West; secondly what impact this had on the development of a tourism industry in the Eastern bloc; and thirdly to what extent the experiences of Western tourists in Eastern Europe influenced mutual perceptions and Cold War stereotypes of “the other”. The chapter situates these questions in three debates in recent historiography: the history of transnational tourism, of the cultural Cold War, and of mobilities in the supposedly backward and static societies in Eastern Europe.

Hypoxia-reoxygenation injury is a commonly used in vitro model of ischemia, which is useful to study the recovery processes following the hypoxic period. Hypoxia can be rapidly induced in vitro by replacing the culture atmosphere with hypoxic or anoxic gas mixture. Cellular injury mostly occurs as a result of energetic failure in this model: the lack of oxygen blocks the mitochondrial respiration and anaerobic metabolism becomes the major source of high-energy molecules in the cells. In the absence of glucose, glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway fail to suffice the cellular energy prerequisite and longer periods of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) can completely deplete the cellular NAD+ and ATP pools. The lack of NAD+ results in severe metabolic suppression and predisposes the cells to other injury types. This includes oxidant-induced damage, since oxidative stress activates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) that further depletes the cellular NAD+ pool and leads to excessive cell death. The impaired mitochondrial respiration also leads to an increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential and augments the mitochondrial superoxide generation leading to oxidative stress. The above processes ultimately lead to necrotic cell death, but in certain cell types, mitochondrial damage can also trigger apoptosis.

The phenomenon of military internment in Germany provides a thought-provoking context that attracts various disciplinary interests. Within this volume, the author employs a primarily archival approach, interweaving historical and anthropological perspectives. The aim is to analyze and present a complex source that defies conventional categorization. The «diary» of sailor Giulio Bogino (1923-2013) – an evolving work in progress continuously revised until the early 2000s – can indeed be considered as the testimony of an internment survivor in a concentration camp in the hinterland of Hamburg, who reinterprets the memories of his captivity throughout his lifetime, ultimately transmuting them into a sort of ‘popular narrative’ imbued with occasional epic undertones. This volume offers a comprehensive introduction to the source itself, highlighting its distinctive features. The diary (1943-1948) is meticulously edited and presented alongside an extensive apparatus of explanatory footnotes, accompanying documents, as well as a rich collection of photographs and cartographic materials.

Is science a 'market of ideas'? Not according to the economics of science. Science is competitive, but scientific competition is not market competition. Nor is scientific competition the same as competition between universities. Scientific competition is, first of all, competition between individual scientists. Current science policies shift the boundary between scientific competition, where scientists provide public goods in the hope to acquire status among their peers, and market competition in science, where the results of research are private property protected by patents or other means, in favor of the market. However, the economic ring of the political slogans cannot conceal a serious lack of understanding of scientific competition behind the reform proposals.

In the field of higher education research, one of the most fascinating observations is the consistent and permanent expansion of higher education systems worldwide since the end of the Second World War. Undoubtedly, the predominant approach to address these developments has been through quantitative analysis, as well as international comparisons. The following work examines the particularities of the Venezuelan context with the aim of identifying specific features of this worldwide phenomenon in this South American case. Through a combination of qualitative methods, the author proposes a biographical approach for the study of higher education inclusion processes, which takes into account the perspectives and experiences of those who have been targeted by an ambitious higher education expansion process. The most distinctive feature of this work would be its methodological contribution to the field of higher education research. One could also argue that the ethnographic account of the Bolivarian Missions of education in Chavez’s Venezuela is both original and unprecedented. Furthermore, the writing approach bridges the interests of both academics, practitioners of the field and members of the general public.

The first volume of its kind, Teaching Global Development offers a unique open access collection of current approaches to teaching development in ways that foreground core ethical issues. Hailing from a range of disciplines and from across the world, the contributors gathered here describe what global development means in their context, offer strategies for more ethical syllabi, describe innovative ways to explore equity and diversity through readings and activities, and provide detailed case studies of GDS-related programs. Throughout, these chapters showcase new and innovative approaches to service learning, lesson plans, and activities that demonstrate what critical, decolonized, DEI-sensitive knowledge actually looks like. For its topical breadth, theoretical sophistication, and uniquely concrete examples and suggestions, this book is a must-read for scholars, instructors, and students interested in the ethics not only of global development, but also of curriculum-setting and pedagogy more broadly. The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by Indiana University and Worcester Polytechnic Institute.

This open access book discusses the current role of smallholders in connection with food security and poverty reduction in developing countries. It addresses the opportunities they enjoy, and the constraints they face, by analysing the availability, access to and utilization of production factors. Due to the relevance of smallholder farms, enhancing their production capacities and economic and social resilience could produce positive impacts on food security and nutrition at a number of levels. In addition to the role of small farmers as food suppliers, the book considers their role as consumers and their level of nutrition security. It investigates the link between agriculture and nutrition in order to better understand how agriculture affects human health and dietary patterns. Given the importance of smallholdings, strategies to increase their productivity are essential to improving food and nutrition security, as well as food diversity.

Classical analyses of Romance causatives of the Italian/French type illustrated in examples like (2) and (3) below for Italian, proposed that an overt process of VP-preposing occurs in the derivation of these structures (in particular Kayne 1975; Rouveret and Vergnaud 1980; Zubizarreta 1985; Burzio 1986). Phrasing the proposal in current terms, this process can be identified with and reduced to an instance of a family of syntactic processes moving chunks of a verb phrase, often referred to as smuggling, following Collins’ (2005) terminology. The main proposal of this article is that the crucial engine triggering this type of derivation of Romance causatives is the fundamental labeling requirement. The requirement is satisfied through a smuggling-type movement of a chunk of the verb phrase, probed by a criterial causative voice head. The remaining constituent is labeled DP. In a comparative perspective, the movement attracting property of the causative head is parametrized so that in English-type languages the attracted constituent is not a vP-chunk, but rather the DP-external argument of the lexical verb. This yields labeling of the remaining constituent as vP. The special yet well recognizable status of causatives in language after language, characteristically involves displacement of constituents of different kinds, a verbal constituent in Romance/Italian-type languages, a DP in English-type languages; this is consistent with the idea defended here that these are the only types of displacements possible, and in fact required given shared properties of the clausal functional structure containing the causative voice combined with the requirement of labeling of syntactic structures. Further differences such as e.g. the (im)possibility of passivization of the causative verb follow from the assumed criterial status of the causative voice in compliance with intervention locality within a syntactic architecture which is fundamentally homogeneous. The presentation and the development of these ideas is organized as follows: In section 2 I will spell out the background analysis I will be assuming for Romance causatives of the Italian type, crucially involving smuggling. Section 3 introduces and develops the issue concerning the status of the process moving a chunk of the verb phrase and what its ultimate generator should be. The fundamental labeling requirement is identified as the generator of this movement, which is triggered by a causative voice, active in the clausal functional structure (3.1). This movement is parametrized yielding different types of causatives of the Romance/Italian type on the one side and of the English type on the other. The criterial status of the causative head is then assumed (3.1.2) as the fundamental source of differences in the possibility of passivization in the two types of causatives. Some comparative considerations on French conclude the analysis (3.1.2.1). Section 4 addresses the comparison between the smuggling process of causatives with the one currently assumed for passive (4.1). Some relevant considerations inspired by recent results in acquisition are finally discussed (4.2). Section 5 concludes the article.

This Special Issue of the Journal for the Study of Antisemitism contains a collection of papers that were presented at the International Conference “Contemporary Antisemitism and Racism in the Shadow of the Holocaust”—the midterm conference of the Research Network on Ethnic Relations, Racism and Antisemitism within the European Sociological Association. The network was set up over a decade ago with the aim of addressing what was felt to be a serious gap in contemporary social theory, the continuing and indeed growing presence of antisemitism and its connection to other racisms.

The field of color categorization has always been intrinsically multi- and inter-disciplinary, since its beginnings in the nineteenth century. The main contribution of this book is to foster a new level of integration among different approaches to the anthropological study of color. The editors have put great effort into bringing together research from anthropology, linguistics, psychology, semiotics, and a variety of other fields, by promoting the exploration of the different but interacting and complementary ways in which these various perspectives model the domain of color experience. By so doing, they significantly promote the emergence of a coherent field of the anthropology of color.

Wie begegnen wir Figuren in Filmen und Comics? Für Zuschauende und Lesende sind sie intuitiv zugänglich, nicht aber für die Analyse. Die vorliegende Studie grenzt sich von narratologisch und kognitionstheoretisch geprägten Theorien und Analysemethoden ab, die Figuren als fertige Subjekte denken, welche in ein mediales Gewand gekleidet den Zuschauenden und Lesenden gegenübertreten. Stattdessen werden Film-Sehen und Comic-Lesen als dynamische, von Subjektivität durchzogene Situationen untersucht. Konzipiert als Film- beziehungsweise Comic-Verhalten, bilden diese subjektivierten Dynamiken die Grundlage für das Entstehen von Figuren für Zuschauende und Lesende. Die Studie entwickelt eine phänomenologische Theorie und Methode, die es ermöglicht, über Beschreibungen dieser Verhalten die Begegnung mit Figuren zu analysieren. Sie diskutiert ausgehend von Maurice Merleau-Pontys Wahrnehmungsphilosophie filmphänomenologische Positionen und expliziert einen phänomenologischen Diskurs für die Comicforschung, den diese bislang vermissen lässt. Im Zentrum stehen Arbeiten von Chris Ware, Riad Sattouf und Marc Forster, deren Filme und Comics nicht nur Gegenstand analytischer Fallstudien sondern integraler Bestandteil der Theoriearbeit sind. ; Wie begegnen wir Figuren in Filmen und Comics? Für Zuschauende und Lesende sind sie intuitiv zugänglich, nicht aber für die Analyse. Die vorliegende Studie grenzt sich von narratologisch und kognitionstheoretisch geprägten Theorien und Analysemethoden ab, die Figuren als fertige Subjekte denken, welche in ein mediales Gewand gekleidet den Zuschauenden und Lesenden gegenübertreten. Stattdessen werden Film-Sehen und Comic-Lesen als dynamische, von Subjektivität durchzogene Situationen untersucht. Konzipiert als Film- beziehungsweise Comic-Verhalten, bilden diese subjektivierten Dynamiken die Grundlage für das Entstehen von Figuren für Zuschauende und Lesende. Die Studie entwickelt eine phänomenologische Theorie und Methode, die es ermöglicht, über Beschreibungen dieser Verhalten die Begegnung mit Figuren zu analysieren. Sie diskutiert ausgehend von Maurice Merleau-Pontys Wahrnehmungsphilosophie filmphänomenologische Positionen und expliziert einen phänomenologischen Diskurs für die Comicforschung, den diese bislang vermissen lässt. Im Zentrum stehen Arbeiten von Chris Ware, Riad Sattouf und Marc Forster, deren Filme und Comics nicht nur Gegenstand analytischer Fallstudien sondern integraler Bestandteil der Theoriearbeit sind. ; How do we encounter characters in films and comics? While audiences might relate to characters intuitively, film and comics scholars cannot analyze them in the same intuitive way. Theories and analytical methods influenced by narratology and cognitive theory often conceptualize characters as finished subjects presented in a medial disguise. This study argues instead that film-watching and comic-reading are dynamic situations permeated by subjectivity. Conceptualized as film- or comic-behavior, these subjectivized dynamics form the basis for the emergence of characters for viewers and readers. The study develops a phenomenological theory and method that allows us to analyze encounters with characters through descriptions of film- and comic-behaviors. Drawing on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of perception, it discusses current phenomenological positions in film studies and articulates an extensive phenomenological framework for comic research. The works of Chris Ware, Riad Sattouf, and Marc Forster, which it discusses, are not only the subject of analytical case studies but also an integral part of this study's theoretical framework.

The texts presented in Proportion Harmonies and Identities (PHI) - Creation, Transformation and Metamorphosis were compiled to establish a multidisciplinary platform for presenting, interacting, and disseminating research. It also aims to foster awareness and discussion on Creation, Transformation and Metamorphosis, focusing on different visions relevant to Architecture, Arts and Humanities, Design and Social Sciences, and its importance and benefits for the sense of identity, both individual and communal. Creation, Transformation and Metamorphosis has been a powerful motor for development since the Western Early Modern Age. Its theoretical and practical foundations have become the working tools of scientists, philosophers, and artists, seeking strategies and policies to accelerate development in different contexts.

Through the contextual analysis of the occurrences of solar deities in the Kuwattalla ritual texts, we will try to sketch a portrait of these deities, focusing on their functions in the ritual process. Special attention will be paid to the combination of ritual gestures with Luwian incantations, since the latter might help to define the specificities of each member of this divine group.

Judith Butler fasziniert und verstört, ihr Werk ist gleichermaßen prägend, irritierend und herausfordernd. Diese Spannung findet sich auch deutlich in der Theologie: Für die einen ist ihre Gendertheorie ebenso bedeutsam wie ihre Öffentlichkeitstheorie, ihre Einlassungen zur Verkörperung der Versammlung, ihr Subjektdenken und ihre Reflexionen über Anerkennung. Die anderen scheinen abgestoßen durch ihren Kritikbegriff und ihre Delegitimierung überkommener Ordnungen, die mitunter als massive Kirchenkritik aufgefasst wird. Die Beiträge des interdisziplinären Bandes gehen grundsätzlicher den theologischen Rezeptionsmöglichkeiten und -grenzen der Butler'schen Philosophie im Spiegel der theologischen Einzeldisziplinen nach.

Die Adoleszenz geht nicht selten mit psychischen Krankheiten einher; mitunter erscheint sie selbst als eine Krankheit, die überwunden werden muss. Die Nähe von Adoleszenz und psychischer Krankheit ist ein prominentes Thema von Jugenderzählungen und Romanen der Zeit um 1900 und um 2000. Die berücksichtigten deutschsprachigen Adoleszenz- und Krankheitsdarstellungen beider Zeitabschnitte ähneln sich auf erstaunliche Weise. Neigten um die Jahrhundertwende adoleszente Figuren vermehrt zur Hysterie, so leiden sie um die Jahrtausendwende vielfach unter Magersucht. Beide Leiden erscheinen als Strategien, den während der Adoleszenz sich einstellenden psychischen Konflikten zu begegnen, diese zu verarbeiten und durch körperliche Signale nach außen hin sichtbar zu machen. Sowohl die Hysterie als auch die Magersucht kommunizieren über den Körper.