Science & Mathematics

Este capítulo profundiza en un aspecto concreto de la compleja interrelación entre el derecho de la competencia y la negociación colectiva, como es el de idoneidad de la terminación convencional como mecanismo de resolución en los procedimientos sancionadores administrativos relacionados con los convenios colectivos. A través de un examen de los marcos legales y las aplicaciones prácticas, el capítulo elucida cómo la a terminación convencional puede servir de herramienta efectiva para resolver disputas sin comprometer la competencia en el mercado. El análisis concluye que, aunque la terminación convencional presenta ciertos desafíos, su correcta implementación puede agilizar la resolución de conflictos y fomentar la cooperación entre las partes, siempre que se realice con transparencia y en cumplimiento de la normativa vigente.

В статье рассматривается одна из популярных разновидностей настольных игр — так называемые дуэльные игры. Выделяется сущность и отличительные признаки такой игры. Определено место дуэльных игр в системе настольных игр. Проведен анализ дуэльных игр с позиций игрока, игровой механики, атрибутов и игрового процесса. Выделены подвиды дуэльных игр на основе анализа официально изданных существующих наименований с приведением характерных примеров. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при проектировании новых настольных игр данного типа и в теоретических работах по геймдизайну.

Parmotrema mezierii D.M. Masson & Sérus., sp. nov. MycoBank no. 853871Diagnosis. Similar to P. paulense (Zahlbr.) Hale but differs from it by the coralloid isidia and by the presence in the medulla of protolichesterinic and lichesterinic acids, in addition to norlobaridone and loxodin.Holotype:— FRANCE. Réunion: Cilaos, eastern side of le Bonnet Carré, GR R1 trail, elev. 1350 m, 21°07’33”S, 55°28’13”E, in disturbed leeward montane rainforest, in an overall E orientation, on a shaded volcanic rock, 18 August 2015, D. Masson 974.4714 (MNHN-PC-PC0088074; isotype: LG).GenBank accession numbers: ITS (PP 840443), EF1-α (PP 852831).(Fig. 25)Thallus foliose, moderately adnate, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, up to 10 × 11 cm. Lobes irregular, sometimes contiguous but generally imbricate, irregularly branched, 3–11 mm wide, often concave, with margins sinuate to crenate, becoming dentate and sometimes revolute with the development of isidia, rarely lobulate, ciliate (Fig. 25E). Cilia black, rarely with coppery glints; moderately dense and ± evenly distributed at the lobe margins, also present on isidia, simple, very rarely once branched, ca. 0.03–0.05 mm in diameter at the base, up to 2.5 mm long. Upper surface greenish grey, pale or ± darkened, ± shiny, more so towards lobe tips, ± distinctly punctiform white-maculate, smooth to rugose, sometimes cracked in older parts, isidiate, lacking schizidia, pustules, dactyls, soralia; regeneration lobules occasionally present in older parts. Isidia marginal, extending submarginally and ± laminally; rapidly coralloid, sometimes irregularly flattened and then ± looking like phyllidia, very often apically and/or laterally ciliate; up to 3 mm high, brittle (Fig. 25C & 25D). Medulla white throughout. Lower surface rugulose, rarely smooth, exceptionally reticulate, shiny, duller in the central part, black to the margin, or with a buff or chestnut brown erhizinate marginal zone (ca. 2–6 mm wide) at main lobe tips, isidiate lateral lobes with an erhizinate, ivory white or ivory-mottled marginal zone (0.4–3 mm wide). Rhizines in ± scattered groups, concolor to the lower surface, young ones often with pale tips, simple, more rarely 1–2 times branched, up to 1.5 mm long. Apothecia absent. Pycnidia occasional, submarginal towards the lobe apices; only primordia seen. Conidia not found. Upper cortex palisade plectenchymatous, not fragile, (13)– 19.7 –(27) µm thick. Algal layer continuous, (13)– 19.5 –(25) µm thick. Medulla (72)– 83.2 –(98) µm thick. Lower cortex prosoplectenchymatous, (15)– 17.7– (20) µm thick.Chemistry:— Spot tests and fluorescence: upper cortex K+ yellow, UV−; medulla K−, C−, KC + pinkish, P−, UV± white. Secondary metabolites (TLC): upper cortex with atranorin and chloroatranorin; medulla with norlobaridone (major), protolichesterinic acid (major), lichesterinic acid (minor/trace), and loxodin (minor/trace); ± 1 undetermined ciliary pigment: PV.Eponymy: The epithet commemorates Marie Eustache Mézières de Lépervanche (1808–1861), Justice of the Peace in Réunion, but also a naturalist interested in various aspects of the natural history of this island. He corresponded with several members of the French Academy of Sciences such as J.-B. Bory de Saint-Vincent, C.-F. Brisseau de Mirbel, C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré or A. Richard (Maillard 1862). He collected many lichens (Jacob de Cordemoy 1895), some of which were studied by Nylander (1859). In particular, a fine specimen of the new species was collected by him in 1840 and sent to Bory de Saint-Vincent. It was determined as Parmelia perlata var. ciliata by Nylander and is now kept at PC.Geographical distribution:—So far only known from Réunion, where it seems to be rare. The earliest collection dates to 1840; since then, P. mezierii has been found at four localities in four UTM 1× 1 km grid cells (or three UTM 2× 2 km grid cells, Fig. 25A). The documented localities are distributed over a fairly narrow range of elevations: 1005–1350 m, on the southern slopes of the Piton des Neiges massif, in the Cirque de Cilaos or nearby.Ecology:— Parmotrema mezierii is a saxicolous and corticolous species; it was found twice thriving on volcanic rocks and twice on the bark of trunks of Ficus and Weinmannia. According to the scanty data available, three types of habitat are involved: submontane mesic forest, leeward submontane rainforest and leeward montane rainforest. The bioclimate of the four documented localities is pluvial tropical, thermotype belt = lower mesotropical (412 ≤ It ≤ 482), and ombrotype belt = upper humid (9.1 ≤ Io ≤ 10.4) (Fig. 25B).Notes:—The phenotype of Parmotrema mezierii is close to that of P. paulense, a poorly known and apparently rare lichen, whose type was collected near São Paulo in Brazil (Zahlbruckner 1909). The circumscription of this last taxon is still rather unclear, mainly due to the paucity of available material. Hale’s concept of the species, in his world monograph of Parmelia subgenus Amphigymnia (Hale 1965a), was broad since it included specimens belonging to two other taxa from Africa, Parmotrema dolosum (Abbayes) Hale and P. diacidulum (Hale) Hale [both synonymized with P. lophogenum (Abbayes) Hale by Krog & Swinscow (1975)], and a specimen from Réunion, identified in the present work as P. intonsum (see ‘Erroneous, doubtful and problematic reports’). Later on, Kurokawa (1969) stated that the medulla of the type of P. paulense contains norlobaridone and loxodine, while Hale (1971b) pointed out that both P. dolosum and P. diacidulum have a different chemistry, with gyrophoric acid and a fatty acid in the medulla. The two authors concluded that P. paulense was represented only by the type collection from Brazil. Recently, however, P. paulense was reported from Mexico (Ryan et al. 2000, Egan et al. 2016). Unfortunately, the morphological and anatomical descriptions of this species in Egan et al. (2016) are based on Hale (1965a), and hence on an inaccurate concept of the species. As for the medullary substances, they are listed by Egan et al. (2016) as norlobaridone and ‘protolichesteric’ acid. Therefore, it is difficult for us to draw conclusions about the taxonomic status of the Mexican material. Our own study of the type collection of P. paulense gives results that are consistent with the comments of Kurokawa (1969). In the protologue, Zahlbruckner (1909) stated that the species lacked vegetative propagules, but close examination of thalli shows the presence of small (not more than 0.7 mm high), granular or ± cylindrical, often ciliate, isidia. Thin layer chromatography revealed the existence of norlobaridone (and loxodin?) in the medulla as well as the absence of any fatty acid (at least in detectable amounts). The ciliary pigment PV was also detected. Without knowing the intraspecific variability of P. paulense and without molecular data [examination of the Colombian specimen cited in Stelate et al. (2022) reveals that it actually belongs to P. mellissii, which is consistent with its position in the phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences], it is difficult to assess whether the Reunionese material belongs to this Neotropical species or not. The wide disjunction from Réunion to Brazil, the constant occurrence of protolichesterinic acid as a major medullary substance, and the regular presence of well-developed coralloid isidia lead us nevertheless to propose a distinct status for the taxon present on Réunion.Phylogenetic analysis of a 3-locus data matrix revealed that P. mezierii belongs to a strongly supported radiation, comprising ten Reunionese species (Fig. 3). Five of them, including P. mezierii, are possibly endemic to Réunion or the Mascarenes.Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— FRANCE. Réunion: without locality, 1840, M.E. Mézières de Lépervanche 25 (PC 0009292); Cilaos, Ravine des Calumets, NE of Palmiste Rouge, elev. 1075 m, 21°09’42”S, 55°29’23”E, in the bottom of a ravine, in an overall SW orientation, on a 50° sloping face, a little shaded and facing N, of a basaltic rock, in a disturbed submontane mesic forest, 21 August 2012, D. Masson 974.3960 (LG); Saint-Louis, Les Makes, Bois Bon Accueil, elev. 1170 m, 21°11’35”S, 55°23’50”E, in leeward montane rainforest, in an overall S orientation, on the bark of a trunk of Weinmannia sp., 28 August 2017, D. Masson 974.5159 (LG); ibid., elev. 1005 m, 21°11’57”S, 55°23’58”E, in leeward submontane rainforest, in an overall S orientation, on the bark of a trunk of an old Ficus densifolia, 28 August 2017, D. Masson 974.5226 (Hb. DM).Specimens studied for comparison:Parmotrema paulense.— BRAZIL. São Paulo: In monte Jaraguá prope Taipas, elev. 800–1050 m, corticola, June 1901, V. Schiffner s.n. (W, type collection).

Carlopeltis alatus (Carl, 1914)Figs 1–3, 13Alocodesmus alatus Carl, 1914: 900, fig. 130.Carlopeltis alatus: Verhoeff, 1938: 3.Alocodesmus alatus: Jeekel, 2009: 69.Diagnosis. Adult males of C. alatus (Carl, 1914) differ from C. uraba n. sp., and C. goajirensis (Jeekel, 2009) stat. nov. based on the following combination of gonopodal characteristics: prefemoral process (PfP) with apex greatly serrated (vs. PfP with apex bifurcate into two pointed denticulations in C. goajirensis (Jeekel, 2009) stat. nov.); the beginning of the curve of solenomere (S) is marked by a complete cingulum (C) (vs. C incomplete in C. goajirensis (Jeekel, 2009) stat. nov. and C. uraba n. sp.); about the middle of the arch of S with a lobe on the ventral part (vs. absence lobe in C. uraba n. sp.) (Fig. 2, arrows).Material examined.Lectotype. COLOMBIA ● ♂; Bolivar, Below Bodega Central, s.f. (8°17′37′′N, 73°52′00′′W); O. Fuhrmann leg.; (MHNG-ARTO-14351). Lectotype designation by Hollier et al. (2020: 185).Redescription. Male lectotype (MHNG-ARTO-14351). Coloration (preserved in 70% ethanol after 110 years): Head, first sternites and prozonites pale greenish yellow 104 while antennae, legs, paranota and some stains on metatergite deep orange yellow 69 (Fig. 1). Body rings: cuticle with irregular microsculpture; metatergite flat; posterolaterally and dorsally directed paranota (at the middle of the body, the ring 1.62 times wider than the prozonite); ozopores lateral, visible in dorsal view. Sternites between coxa of rings 12–18 with two pairs of acute projections, more evident and larger in the posterior pair (Fig. 3B). Gonopod aperture on seventh body ring elliptical, posterior edge without folds (Fig. 3A). Legs long (0.9 times the width of the metazonite), femora largest in the last body rings, without additional modifications (Fig. 1). Telson posteriorly directed, epiproct elongate, hypoproct oval with slight pointed end (Fig. 1B). Total length: 39.7 (with slight volvation in first rings). Collum 1.2 long, 4.7 wide.Antennomere lengths (1>7): 0.6; 1.41; 1.0; 1.16; 1.5; 1. 3; 0.35. Gonopod aperture 1.1 long, 1.6 wide. Telson 1.4 long.Gonopods (Fig. 2): gonocoxae (Cx) subcylindrical, several macrosetae on distal dorsal side and two setae above the cannula (ca); ca hook-shaped. Prefemoral region (=Prefemorite) (Pfe) short, ca. 1/2 the size of acropodite, densely setose. Prefemoral process (PfP) long, robust below the secondary process of the prefemoral process (SPr); apex serrated with an inclination of about 120° in relation to the Cx in mesal view, most distal part of the apex with a conspicuous tooth compared to the others; SPr with acuminate apex. Solenomere (S) falcate, starting straight and parallel to PfP, the beginning of the curve is marked by a complete cingulum (C), about the middle of the arch of S with a lobe on the ventral part (Figs 1C–D, arrows).Female. Unknown.Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 13).Remarks. The locality “Below Bodega Central” described by Carl (1914), currently corresponds to Morales, Bolivar, Colombia (Fig. 13).

Subfamily Hylomyinae Anderson, 1879. Anat. Zool. Res., Yunnan, 1:138.SYNONYMS: Echinosoricinae, Galericinae, Gymnurinae.COMMENTS: Better known as Echinosoricinae or Galericinae; but see Frost et al. (1991:23), whose taxonomic proposal is adopted here.

Sorex sonomae Jackson, 1921. J. Mammal., 2:162.TYPE LOCALITY: USA, "Sonoma Country side of Gualala River, Guatala, California ".DISTRIBUTION: Pacific coast from Oregon to N California (USA).SYNONYMS: tenelliodus.COMMENTS: Subgenus Otisorex. Includes tenelliodus as a distinct subspecies; revised by Carraway (1990).

В условиях трансформации производительных сил Узбекистана возрастает значение иностранных инвестиций, обеспечивающих доступ к передовым технологиям. Однако их получение доступно не всем субъектам экономики из-за высоких требований инвесторов к конкурентоспособности. Наиболее подготовленными получателями иностранного капитала выступают акционерные предприятия базовых отраслей с госучастием, обладающие производственной базой и квалифицированными кадрами. Вместе с тем многие из них недостаточно уделяют внимание повышению инвестиционной привлекательности, что требует активного участия государственных и отраслевых органов управления. Автор анализирует текущее состояние проблемы и предлагает подходы к её решению.

Herpestes edwardsi (E. Geoffroy, 1818). Descrip, de L'Egypte, 2: 139.TYPE LOCALITY: India, Madras.DISTRIBUTION: E.C. Arabia to Nepal, India and Sri Lanka.ISIS NUMBER: 5301412005027004001.

The Library of STC Arts and Commerce College, Banahatti, serves as an academic hub that supports the teaching, learning, and research activities of the institution. Equipped with a rich collection of textbooks, reference books, journals, newspapers, and digital resources, the library aims to provide students and faculty with timely and relevant information. With user-friendly services such as circulation, reference assistance, e-resources, reading facilities, and reprography, the library fosters an environment that promotes academic excellence and lifelong learning. By integrating technology through OPAC, digital databases, and ICT-enabled services, the library continually evolves to meet the diverse information needs of its users. The STC College Library stands committed to nurturing knowledge, encouraging inquiry, and supporting the holistic development of students in the regions.

Ichki ishlar organlari faoliyati samaradorligi, avvalo, mazkur tizimda xizmat qilayotgan kadrlarning kasbiy tayyorgarligi, axloqiy barqarorligi hamda xizmatni tashkil etish darajasi bilan bevosita bog‘liq. Jahon tajribasi shuni ko‘rsatadiki, huquq-tartibot organlarida kadrlar bilan ishlash va xizmatni tashkil etish masalalariga strategik yondashilmagan sharoitda jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurash, jamoat xavfsizligini ta’minlash va fuqarolar ishonchini mustahkamlash samarasi sezilarli darajada pasayadi [1]. Shu bois, ichki ishlar organlarida kadrlar siyosati davlat boshqaruvining muhim yo‘nalishlaridan biri sifatida qaralishi lozim.

(Uploaded by Plazi for the IPBES Invasive Alien Species Assessment) Managing invasive species is a current challenge for biodiversity conservation. A recurring recent suggestion is that by harvesting nonnatives for human consumption, people can control invasive populations. Even though humans may be able to control or eradicate certain populations of nonnative species by harvesting them as food sources, several caveats should be considered before starting these programs. A prominent problem is that creating a market engenders pressure to maintain that problematic species. Also, if the target species becomes an economic resource, people may try to recreate that market in previously uninvaded regions. Using invasive species as an economic resource may trigger the local community to protect these harmful species, to facilitate their incorporation into the local culture, and can generate severe management problems. As with other management programs, managers must know if the harvest actually reduces the target population. Mortality could produce a reduction in the population size or growth, or it could be compensatory, in which case removal of the harvested individuals would not affect population growth. However, in addition to possible control, there may be several benefits of this approach, including an opportunity for public outreach. Projects aiming at controlling invasives through human consumption should be carefully examined, as they may produce results opposite to those proposed.

Genus Claraplumula ShannonClaraplumula Shannon, 1927:8. Type species, latifacies Shannon (orig. des.).Refs.: Thompson, 2012 (generic status).

Qandli diabet (QD) surunkali endokrin kasallik bo‘lib, uzoq muddat nazorat qilinmasa, ko‘plab organ va tizimlarda asoratlar rivojlanishiga olib keladi. Ushbu maqolada qandli diabetli bemorlarda organ asoratlarini erta aniqlash va ularni muntazam monitoring qilishning ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotlar yurak-qon tomir, buyrak, nerv tizimi va retinaning diabetik o‘zgarishlarini erta bosqichda aniqlash imkonini beruvchi klinik va laborator indikatorlarni ko‘rsatadi. Shu bilan birga, zamonaviy diagnostika va monitoring usullari bemorlar salomatligini saqlash va kasallik prognozini yaxshilashda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Maqola qandli diabetli bemorlarda asoratlarni oldini olish va davolash strategiyalarini ishlab chiqish uchun ilmiy asos yaratadi.