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Chapter 3 - The right choice of catalyst is one of the elements that determine its effectiveness. Among the most commonly used catalysts, we use iron, as well as its modifications and forms such as zero-valent iron, iron oxides, etc. magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3), and goethite (FeOOH) or their nanoparticles. They have a high surface area, which enhances their catalytic activity and can be easily separated from the treated water. Another popular and environmentally friendly form is waste iron, which is the product from industry such as blast furnace slag or steel slags. Moreover, iron could be dropped on carbon materials, and various carriers.

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

This book was born from an observation and a desire. The starting point is that the multilingual nature of Andrea Zanzotto's poetry becomes almost invisible by virtue of being evident in the eyes of its readers. The babelic hypersensitivity of the petèl’s poet is certainly not absent in critical studies, yet this work addresses it in a systematic way for the first time, by investigating on the multiple connections between poetic writing and languages. The desire that accompanied this reflection was to lead it with a "prismatic" gaze, crossing the poetry's multilingualism and the poet’s translation practice, and summoning the many voices of its translators around the Zanzottian multivocality. A series of unpublished documents in the appendix, and the interventions of poets like Cecchinel, Demarcq and Rueff, alongside those of the best European experts of Zanzotto, add a special significance to this work. Speech given on June 26, 2007 at the Locanda da Lino in Solighetto (TV, Italy) on the occasion of the presentation of the book by F. Carbognin, L’«altro spazio». Scienza, paesaggio, corpo nella poesia di Andrea Zanzotto (Nuova Editrice Magenta, 2007) and of issue no. 230 of «l’immaginazione» (year XXII, May 2007). Videotaped and included in the DVD Tribute to Andrea Zanzotto (Viviafilm production), which also includes speeches by Niva Lorenzini, Marco Antonio Bazzocchi and Silvana Tamiozzo Goldmann.

Qu'en est-il, en ce début de XXIe siècle, de la sécurité des personnes et des biens ? Le constat est quasiment unanime, on observe, dans les différentes branches du droit, un double mouvement. D'une part, une extension considérable des domaines dans lesquels la sécurité des personnes et des biens est désormais prise en compte. À la vérité, elle semble être devenue une préoccupation inhérente à toute activité humaine. Chacun connaît, depuis longtemps, la sécurité sociale, la sécurité routière, la sécurité aérienne, la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurité médicale... À cette liste, déjà longue, s'ajoutent chaque jour de nouvelles conquêtes : la sécurité des jouets pour enfants, la sécurité des programmes informatiques, la sécurité des tunnels routiers... En quelques années, les normes de sécurité ont investi le droit du travail, le droit des contrats, et même le droit immobilier. En un mot, il n'y a plus de place dans notre société pour l'insécurité - si ce n'est comme source de responsabilité ou de sanction ! D'autre part, et dans le même temps, on constate un glissement de la sphère publique vers la sphère privée. Autrement dit, on assiste à une privatisation de la préoccupation de sécurité. Dans le passé, la sécurité des personnes et des biens relevait de la fonction étatique, au sens large. Elle concernait, au premier chef, les forces armées, la police, les tribunaux répressifs. Aujourd'hui, la sécurité n'est plus seulement l'affaire des pouvoirs publics, elle est devenue l'affaire de tous, individus ou entreprises. L'État se désengage, ou plus exactement déplace la charge d'une exigence de sécurité omniprésente, donc financièrement insupportable. À première vue, cette montée en puissance de la sécurité des personnes et des biens, à travers une réglementation de plus en plus contraignante, n'apparaît pas sans danger. Elle pourrait bien affecter, dans nos sociétés développées, deux valeurs aussi fondamentales que la liberté individuelle et le progrès technique. Mais il est vrai qu'il est également possible d'inverser le propos. On peut considérer, sans faire étalage d'un optimisme démesuré, que la sécurité est une condition nécessaire au plein épanouissement de la liberté et du progrès. Un monde plus sûr, cela peut être aussi un monde plus humain.

Language Translation and Linguistics; Computational Linguistics

Cultural Production of Hallyu in the Digital Platform Era explores how histories, industry structures, and politics interact in the platformization of the Korean Wave. Dal Yong Jin argues that while much research centers on the Korean culture takeover and the dominance of Korean products on premier global media platforms, Korean cultural industries also experience reshaping and changing depending on the platforms, often on the global stage. Addressing the increasing significance of digital platforms, this work examines the transformative roles of over-the-top streaming services—Netflix, Viki, and V Live—video-sharing platforms such as YouTube, and social media platforms such as TikTok and Instagram, and the power relations between content producers, information technology sectors, the government, creative laborers, and audiences in the globalization of Korean culture and media. By developing critical cultural industries studies as a new theoretical framework, Cultural Production of Hallyu in the Digital Platform Era explores the ever-growing Korean Wave phenomenon with the advent of global digital platforms.

Thema dieses Buches sind die Erinnerungen Ostdeutscher an ihre Bildungserfahrungen in der DDR. Über mehr als 30 Jahre nach dem Mauerfall scheint es so, als sei das Erinnern aufgespalten und polarisiert. Die einen erinnern im Sinne eines Diktaturgedächtnisses, das die erlebte Indoktrination betont; die anderen im Sinne des Legitimationsgedächtnisses, das den erfahrenen Bildungsanspruch hervorhebt. Anhand 50 ausgewählter biografisch-narrativer Interviews wird dargelegt, wie sich Einzelne erinnern und inwieweit das mit dem öffentlichkeitswirksamen Erinnerungsdiskurs zusammenhängt.

Departing from the mainstream practice and conventional wisdom of materialist and rationalist accounts of internal and intrastate conflicts, the book demonstrates how and why emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions are just as powerful and useful in understanding and explaining these phenomena. By uncovering the invisible albeit concrete emotive, symbolic, and perceptual causal mechanisms underpinning ethnoreligious otherings and the resulting violent protracted conflicts, the book aims to help address the incongruence between how the actual actors operating within these contexts think and act and the existing theories and models of how they are expected to behave. Accordingly, the book has three main goals. First, to highlight the centrality of emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions in providing a more holistic and realistic understanding of otherings and conflicts. Second, to illustrate how the ethnoreligious othering framework developed and applied in the study bolsters and advances process tracing explanations by systematically incorporating context-specific intersubjective meanings into causal accounts of the events under investigation. And third, to emphasize the importance of recognizing religion and nationalism as legitimate constituents and instruments of contemporary realpolitik by underlining their enduring security utility and essence at individual, group, and state levels. As argued and established throughout the book, because the causal mechanisms driving ethnoreligious otherings and passionate conflicts are simultaneously emitting and are propelled by deeply entrenched emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions, achieving durable peace settlement requires reconciliation initiatives and regulation strategies that directly and unapologetically incorporate and address these neglected “immaterial” and “irrational” forces.

This book is an interdisciplinary effort to understand the evolution of communication from cells to societies, both in living organisms and in non-living ones, such as designed or emergent systems from socio-technological innovations (i.e., digital communication, institutional communication). It aims to provide better understanding of the universal versus contextual patterns of communication that we can potentially classify and identify if we look deeper into the history and evolution of this phenomenon at large. Novel research from a variety of disciplines, such as information theory, biology, linguistics, culture and social science that take a complex perspective is being explored, for an integrated understanding of what communication is at a fundamental level.

This open access book offers a timely guide to challenges and current practices to permanently plug and abandon hydrocarbon wells. With a focus on offshore North Sea, it analyzes the process of plug and abandonment of hydrocarbon wells through the establishment of permanent well barriers. It provides the reader with extensive knowledge on the type of barriers, their functioning and verification. It then discusses plug and abandonment methodologies, analyzing different types of permanent plugging materials. Last, it describes some tests for verifying the integrity and functionality of installed permanent barriers. The book offers a comprehensive reference guide to well plugging and abandonment (P&A) and well integrity testing. The book also presents new technologies that have been proposed to be used in plugging and abandoning of wells, which might be game-changing technologies, but they are still in laboratory or testing level. Given its scope, it addresses students and researchers in both academia and industry. It also provides information for engineers who work in petroleum industry and should be familiarized with P&A of hydrocarbon wells to reduce the time of P&A by considering it during well planning and construction.

Optical techniques continue to evolve and advance, particularly with the inventions of the laser and holography. This volume provides an introduction to various optical systems and devices that are increasingly being used for engineering, scientific, and industrial applications. Organized into three sections on Holographic Materials, Optical Systems, and Algorithms and Imaging Processing, this book covers basic concepts of holographic materials and systems. Chapters provide comprehensive information on volume holograms, display holograms, full-color holographic optical elements, computer-generated holograms, digital imaging devices, and image processing algorithms. This volume is intended for researchers in the field and interested readers alike.

Beyond Borders considers the failures of law and politics to guarantee rights for the most vulnerable and attempts to imagine new forms of belonging across borders that provide a more robust basis for protections for non-citizens. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Sports law is a cross-sectional subject, which is connected to all areas of law. As a result, issues of sports law often give rise to multi-layered and complex, but also extremely interesting fields of conflict. Sports law itself is a continually important, dynamic matter, aswell as it is also subject to a variety of social and political trends. To exemplify this, a selection of current topics in sports law is presented in this volume, which can be traced back to three interrelationships: sports law and constitutional law - sports law and international law - sports law and commercial law.

The microbial community in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre is dominated by unicellular microorganisms less than a few micrometers in size. Despite the persistent low nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton growth rates appear near maximal, sustained by the recycling of nutrients with plankton population sizes regulated by processes such as zooplankton grazing and viral lysis. Seasonal pulses of particle export to the deep sea and increases in phytoplankton abundance occur during the summer months; however, the factors that result in these imbalances in growth and loss processes are not well understood. Nonetheless, as a result of persistent fieldwork and development of sensitive methodologies, the biogeochemical and ecological dynamics occurring over timescales ranging from diel to interannual are being revealed. This Research Topic covers multiple aspects of microbial oceanography in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre including identification and isolation of microorganisms, quantification of microbial biomass and turnover, metabolism and physiological activities, and microbial-mediated biogeochemical cycling. All of the papers use field data collected by either the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program, the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C-MORE) or the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE). These three programs have greatly increased our understanding of microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycling in the NPSG, in part by providing unparalleled access to the NPSG on oceanographic research vessels.