Open Access Books

In recent years, metal halide perovskites have emerged as a rising star among semiconductor materials owing to their low cost, solution processability, and fascinating combination of material properties enabling a broad range of energy applications. Accompanied by the unprecedented success in the photovoltaic community, which has witnessed a certified power conversion efficiency of 23.7%, rapid advancement has also been achieved in the areas of light-emitting diodes, lasers, photodetectors, and solar-to-fuel energy conversion devices. Beyond the dominant format of polycrystalline perovskite thin films for solar cell applications, recent progress in metal halide perovskite crystals, ranging from nanocrystals to macroscopic single-crystals, has spurred a great deal of both scientific and industrial interest. Great research efforts have endeavored to develop new techniques for crystal growth and investigate the physical and chemical properties of the materials and explore their emerging applications. These exciting achievements call for a rationalization of the different forms of perovskite semiconductors beyond the widely used polycrystalline thin films. In the current Special Issue, “Metal Halide Perovskite Crystals: Growth Techniques, Properties and Emerging Applications”, we aim to provide a forum for the discussion and presentation of recent advances in the fields of research related to metal halide perovskite crystals.

This open access book deals with Article 7 TEU measures, court proceedings, financial sanctions and the EU Rule of Law Framework to protect EU values with a particular focus on checks and balances in EU Member States. It analyses substantive standards, powers, procedures as well as the consequences and implications of the various instruments. It combines the analysis of the European level, be it the EU or the Council of Europe, with that of the national level, in particular in Hungary and Poland. The LM judgment of the European Court of Justice is made subject to detailed scrutiny.

For several years now, the University of Cagliari has been committed to the adoption of policies in the field of sustainability that have been translated into strategic goals to be achieved through concrete actions consistent with the Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda and the related National and Regional Strategy on Sustainable Development. Especially in recent years, there has been a growing focus on integrated management of the environmental and social impacts of sustainability arising from the many activities that are carried out daily by the University, which produce an impact both in terms of ecological footprint and social spillovers. In fact, sustainability is a value that cuts across all of the University's activities. The purpose of this document is to describe the most significant steps taken in recent years by the University along the complex path of sustainable development, to give evidence of the efforts made to achieve the goals but also the aspects that still need to be strengthened.

Nitrogen is the most important nutrient in agricultural practice because the availability of nitrogen from the soil is generally not enough to support crop yields. To maintain soil fertility, the application of organic matters and crop rotation have been practiced. Farmers can use convenient chemical nitrogen fertilizers to obtain high crop yields. However, the inappropriate use of nitrogen fertilizers causes environmental problems such as nitrate leaching, contamination in groundwater, and the emission of N2O gas. This book is divided into the following four sections: “Ecology and Environmental Aspects of Nitrogen in Agriculture”, “Nitrogen Fertilizers and Nitrogen Management in Agriculture”, “N Utilization and Metabolism in Crops”, “Plant-Microbe Interactions”.

Este libro presenta la edición del manuscrito castellano e.IV.5 (Biblioteca de El Escorial), que describe la coronación del rey Carlos VIII de Francia en mayo de 1484 y su entrada, dos meses más tarde, en París, en medio de celebraciones y festividades diversas. Si bien este manuscrito aparecía ya en los repertorios bibliográficos españoles, nunca hasta la fecha se había realizado ningún estudio sobre él ni se había editado, laguna que esta publicación y otros dos trabajos de las mismas autoras (López Izquierdo/Pons Rodríguez, 2015, y Pons Rodríguez/López Izquierdo, en preparación) pretenden subsanar. El texto es una traducción del francés, como lo prueban los numerosos galicismos presentes en el documento. Aunque varios manuscritos franceses nos ofrecen la descripción de la coronación del rey Carlos VIII y de su entrada en París, ninguno de ellos parece ser la fuente directa de la traducción castellana que, por otro lado, desarrolla de manera notable el relato de los torneos caballerescos con que se celebró en París la entrada del rey, haciendo del Caballero "a la Sosie" (de la Caléndula) el protagonista más destacado de la segunda mitad de la crónica. La edición aquí presentada pretende así poner este texto a disposición de los historiadores franceses y españoles interesados en la Baja Edad Media y en la cultura caballeresca y las relaciones franco-españolas durante esta época. También interesará a los historiadores de la lengua que estudian el papel de las traducciones y en particular de las traducciones del francés en la formación del español cuatrocentista. Una breve nota introductoria informa al lector de los principales hechos relacionados con el manuscrito y detalla los criterios de edición que se han seguido.

This book is a comparative—intergenerational and interregional—history of Asia Minor memories and identities of forced displacement that examines the multilayered relationship between contemporary attitudes and refugee past. Marking the centenary of the Asia Minor population transfer in the context of Greece’s contemporary migration crisis, the research questions that this book addresses are: how have memories of the 1922–24 forced displacement changed over time from one generation to the next? How do people with these memories and identities think about subsequent migration? Following a regional history approach and an oral history approach, this study draws upon literature from several disciplines and rests upon oral testimony. Specifically, it employs a methodology of collecting primary sources using oral testimonies (262 life history interviews) and archival evidence (five thousand oral testimonies) based on three regional case studies, namely the borderland island of Lesvos, Central Macedonia in northern Greece, and Attica. This book argues that refugee identity is a capacious and dynamic platform of ongoing understanding as well as a limited space of domination and competition. Elucidating the attitudes of refugee descendants and unfolding key patterns about the complex role of refugee memory and identity, it brings together the intersection of three interlocking elements: time (refugee generations), place (refugee locations), and subsequent migration (waves of other migrations). In short, A Century of Asia Minor Refugees in Greece sheds light on the convoluted relationship between contemporary attitudes and refugee past, providing a nuanced history of the 1922–24 memories and identities of forced displacement.

Les études ici réunies s'attachent à montrer comment la poésie amoureuse de Quevedo, tout en puisant dans la tradition pétrarquiste, s'en démarque aussi par un travail formel sur le sonnet, l'émergence du ton propre à la satire, la réactivation de certains mythes ou figures symboliques et enfin par l'inscription de la tension amoureuse au coeur de l'écriture. The studies in this collection aim to show how Quevedo’s love poetry, whilst drawing from Petrarchist tradition, also features formal ...

An overview of the mechanisms and evolution of spatial cognition, integrating evidence from psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and computational geometry.Understanding how we deal with space requires input from many fields, including ethology, neuroscience, psychology, cognitive science, linguistics, geography, and spatial information theory. In From Geometry to Behavior, cognitive neuroscientist Hanspeter A. Mallot provides an overview of the basic mechanisms of spatial behavior in animals and humans, showing how they combine to support higher-level performance. Mallot explores the biological mechanisms of dealing with space, from the perception of visual space to the constructions of large space representations: that is, the cognitive map. The volume is also relevant to the epistemology of spatial knowledge in the philosophy of mind. Mallot aims to establish spatial cognition as a scientific field in its own right. His general approach is psychophysical, in that it focuses on quantitative descriptions of behavioral performance and their real-world determinants, thus connecting to the work of theorists in computational neuroscience, robotics, and computational geometry. After an overview of scientific thinking about space, Mallot covers spatial behavior and its underlying mechanisms in the order of increasing memory involvement. He describes the cognitive processes that underlie advanced spatial behaviors such as directed search, wayfinding, spatial planning, spatial reasoning, object building and manipulation, and communication about space. These mechanisms are part of the larger cognitive apparatus that also serves visual and object cognition; understanding events, actions, and causality; and social cognition, which includes language. Of all of these cognitive domains, spatial cognition most likely occurred first in the course of evolution and is the most widespread throughout the animal kingdom.

The last two decades have witnessed a rapid development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) involving gas microflows in various technical fields. Gas microflows can, for example, be observed in microheat exchangers designed for chemical applications or for cooling of electronic components, in fluidic microactuators developed for active flow control purposes, in micronozzles used for the micropropulsion of nano and picosats, in microgas chromatographs, analyzers or separators, in vacuum generators and in Knudsen micropumps, as well as in some organs-on-a-chip, such as artificial lungs. These flows are rarefied due to the small MEMS dimensions, and the rarefaction can be increased by low-pressure conditions. The flows relate to the slip flow, transition or free molecular regimes and can involve monatomic or polyatomic gases and gas mixtures. Hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer are strongly impacted by rarefaction effects, and temperature-driven microflows offer new opportunities for designing original MEMS for gas pumping or separation. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on novel theoretical and numerical models or data, as well as on new experimental results and technics, for improving knowledge on heat and mass transfer in gas microflows. Papers dealing with the development of original gas MEMS are also welcome.

As American leadership over climate change declines, China has begun to identify itself as a great power by formulating ambitious climate policies. Based on the premise that great powers have unique responsibilities, this book explores how China’s rise to great power status transforms notions of great power responsibility in general and international climate politics in particular. The author looks empirically at the Chinese party-state’s conceptions of state responsibility, discusses the influence of those notions on China’s role in international climate politics, and considers both how China will act out its climate responsibility in the future and the broader implications of these actions. Alongside the argument that the international norm of climate responsibility is an emerging attribute of great power responsibility, Kopra develops a normative framework of great power responsibility to shed new light on the transformations China’s rise will yield and the kind of great power China will prove to be. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations, China studies, foreign policy studies, international organizations, international ethics and environmental politics.

Peu connue du grand public, encore sujette à un complaisant amalgame de dates en millions d'années, jalonnée de primates plus ou moins inventifs, la Préhistoire reste encore dans l'ima­ginaire collectif une grande et unique période quelque peu rébarbative. De manière générale, cette vision n'a guère changé depuis le dix-neuvième siècle bien que, fort heureusement, la communauté scientifique n'eût cesse d'approfondir les connaissances sur l'Histoire de l'Homme, en se débarrassant rapide­ment ...

"At a time when most everyday tasks can be performed online, public administration is also facing increasing demands in terms of accessibility, availability and simplification of its services. For this reason, numerous administrative services have been digitized in recent years under the term ""e-government"". In addition to all the positive aspects, this digitization is also associated with challenges and risks for the legal position of private individuals. This monograph is intended to contribute to answering the question of how the changes in the field of administrative action that accompany digitization are to be assessed in legal terms. On the one hand, technologies and phenomena that are already being used in the actions of public administration are examined for their compatibility with the existing legal framework. On the other hand, emerging future developments are highlighted and examined with a critical eye on possible legal problems. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)"

Este livro analisa o Movimento Separatista Sulino, muito marcante na década de 90. A reflexão tem como pano de fundo a cultura gaúcha e busca compreender como os aspectos étnicos e o separatismo interagem nesse contexto. Fundamenta o trabalho uma ampla pesquisa de campo composta por questionários e entrevistas, realizada em diversas cidades do Rio Grande do Sul. Para interpretar o ideário separatista a autora também dedica especial atenção aos documentos do próprio movimento. A obra reconstrói alguns aspectos da história do Rio Grande do Sul e da formação de um ideal separatista que constitui uma faceta do processo de globalização e do afloramento e fortalecimento de identidades específicas.

This work is a publication of the Group of Research and Studies in Moral Psychology and Integral Education - GEPPEI and of guests who bring theoretical discussions and reports of innovative practices in education. Each part brings together a set of chapters. In the first part, horizons are contemplated for the paths in search of the re-signification of educational practices, from different points of view based on the presentation and construction of correlations between theories of Jean Piaget, Rudolf Steiner, Paulo Freire, among others. In the second part, the authors traced new routes that were built from experiences initiated by the desire for change and with little certainty of what would happen along the way. The reports show that with theoretical foundation, courage, initiative and perseverance it was possible to build many exciting and motivating stories for the re-signification of education. The experiences presented were elaborated based on principles that contemplate the objectives of re-signification of education, they show us that in the day-to-day, it is possible to build practices that prioritize the participation of all, with respect to individual differences, and with the establishment of spaces for the collective, cooperative and meaningful construction for all those involved in the process of formation for autonomy. Practices begin with a desire for change, not only in the school environment, but in society as, by developing critical capacity, they will be able to exercise citizen participation in the construction of a plural and democratic society.

Les sociologues n'ont jamais cessé d'exprimer leur intérêt pour le problème dit de « la nature de la réalité sociale ». Pour nombre d'entre eux, le projet de clarifier ce problème n'est rien de moins que le programme complet de leur discipline. Mais la controverse autour de la nature de la réalité sociale est très loin d'être réglée. Des conceptions diamétralement opposées s'y affrontent, les unes « réalistes », les autres « anti-réalistes ». Ce genre de controverse, relatif à l'existence ou à la non-existence de certaines entités (l'individu et la société, par exemple), et aux relations de dépendance ou de priorité entre elles, peut être dit « métaphysique ». Dans ce débat, certains des arguments requièrent une enquête sur la signification de termes centraux – « existence », « état de choses », « mental », « physique », « social », etc. –, et sur la détermination de leurs relations. On peut appeler « ontologiques » les recherches relatives à ces termes centraux. Elles contribuent à spécifier le mode d'existence des objets sociaux. C'est à la présentation de telles recherches qu'est consacré le présent volume. Son idée principale est qu'une enquête ontologique, ouverte à l'imagination et à l'invention, peut, en enrichissant l'ontologie mobilisée, sortir la querelle sur « la nature de la réalité sociale » de certaines de ses impasses.