Open Access Books

Si la doctrine est familière de la jurisprudence, si elle manie avec aisance les décisions du Conseil constitutionnel, de la Cour de cassation, du Conseil d’Etat ou encore du Tribunal de Conflits, si elle contribue par ses interprétations à les ordonner dans un esprit de synthèse en distinguant les décisions de principe des décisions d’espèce, elle laisse peu de place aux décisions atypiques. Tout au plus les mentionne-t-elle. Pourtant, ces décisions, en marge du « type » commun, participent à la construction du droit positif. Elles révèlent les limites de la taxinomie et traduisent souvent l’intrusion de considérations extrajuridiques dans la sphère du droit. Révélées a posteriori par le temps, la décision atypique dérange les typologies jurisprudentielles administratives comme judiciaires et se laisse mal appréhender, tantôt singulière, tantôt annonciatrice de critères toujours évoqués par le juge mais jamais remplis. Une double interrogation est alors posée : celle de l’identification de l’atypie d’abord, celle de son interprétation ensuite. Telles sont les questions traitées dans cet ouvrage par le Centre de Recherche sur les Institutions Publiques

The hippocampus mediates several higher brain functions, such as learning, memory, and spatial coding. The input region of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus, plays a critical role in these processes. Several lines of evidence suggest that the dentate gyrus acts as a preprocessor of incoming information, preparing it for subsequent processing in CA3. For example, the dentate gyrus converts input from the entorhinal cortex, where cells have multiple spatial fields, into the spatially more specific place cell activity characteristic of the CA3 region. Furthermore, the dentate gyrus is involved in pattern separation, transforming relatively similar input patterns into substantially different output patterns. Finally, the dentate gyrus produces a very sparse coding scheme in which only a very small fraction of neurons are active at any one time. How are these unique functions implemented at the level of cells and synapses? Dentate gyrus granule cells receive excitatory neuron input from the entorhinal cortex and send excitatory output to the hippocampal CA3 region via the mossy fibers. Furthermore, several types of GABAergic interneurons are present in this region, providing inhibitory control over granule cell activity via feedback and feedforward inhibition. Additionally, hilar mossy cells mediate an excitatory loop, receiving powerful input from a small number of granule cells and providing highly distributed excitatory output to a large number of granule cells. Finally, the dentate gyrus is one of the few brain regions exhibiting adult neurogenesis. Thus, new neurons are generated and functionally integrated throughout life. How these specific cellular and synaptic properties contribute to higher brain functions remains unclear. One way to understand these properties of the dentate gyrus is to try to integrate experimental data into models, following the famous Hopfield quote: "Build it, and you understand it." However, when trying this, one faces two major challenges. First, hard quantitative data about cellular properties, structural connectivity, and functional properties of synapses are lacking. Second, the number of individual neurons and synapses to be represented in the model is huge. For example, the dentate gyrus contains ~1 million granule cells in rodents, and ~10 million in humans. Thus, full scale models will be complex and computationally demanding. In this Frontiers Research Topic, we collect important information about cells, synapses, and microcircuit elements of the dentate gyrus. We have put together a combination of original research articles, review articles, and a methods article. We hope that the collected information will be useful for both experimentalists and modelers. We also hope that the papers will be interesting beyond the small world of "dentology", i.e., for scientists working on other brain areas. Ideally, the dentate gyrus may serve as a blueprint, helping neuroscientists to define strategies to analyze network organization of other brain regions.

O livro de ensaios que aqui se apresenta reúne um conjunto de estudos fruto de reflexões e debates realizados pelos investigadores do projeto “Literatura, Imagologia e Transnacionalismo”, desenvolvido no âmbito das atividades do Centro de Literatura Portuguesa (CLP), enquanto unidade de investigação da Universidade de Coimbra. Apresentam-se, nesta obra, diferentes abordagens crítico-literárias que têm como pano de fundo teórico a imagologia e o transnacionalismo literário. Preside a estas análises críticas a intenção de estudar os diálogos e/ou os confrontos interculturais em obras de autores portugueses que configurem imagens dos portugueses e/ou representações do ‘estrangeiro’, na sua ‘outridade’. O cruzamento das diversas representações transcende, deste modo, uma perspetiva meramente nacionalista. Assim, este volume tem uma dimensão de análise literária, mas, para além disso, tem também uma dimensão patrimonial e cultural uma vez que os diversos textos ensaísticos investigam como a interculturalidade está representada em obras literárias portuguesas.

Tanzania has been considered a model for development, peace, and stability despite the arrival of refugees from neighboring countries and the potential tensions related to climate change. Although it has accessed the rank of middleincome country, Tanzania still faces several challenges, particularly in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. The book aims at analyzing these challenges as well as the country’s successes through a multi-disciplinary approach considering economic perspectives as well as conflict prevention, dialogue integration, climate change adaptation, forests’ protection, and social perspectives – especially relating to women and girls. The current Covid situation has shaken the whole world and raised many questions on how the different regions and countries could adapt and develop resilience strategies in an uncertain and ever-changing context. Therefore, the book is not only about Tanzania but also about what we can learn from the research on Tanzania in terms of vulnerabilities and resilience strategies. This book is an outlook of International Development Challenges. This book is co-funded by the European Union in the framework of the project Pilot 4 Research and Dialogue.

The book aims to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding epigenetics and epigenomics. Included are reviews on the role of epigenetics in the development and pathogenesis of the vascular endothelium and nervous system, as well as our current understanding of the potential etiologies of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Additional chapters are devoted to DNA methylation, genomic imprinting and human reproduction. A discussion of the role of the epigenome in cancer prevention and polyphenols is also included. Authors provide research findings from both human data and animal model studies. This book will be of interest to scientists, physicians and lay readers wishing to review recent developments in the field of epigenetics and epigenomics.

Cut-stone constructions are made of pre-hewn blocks dry assembled on top of each other. Owing to the formal complexity characteristic of these works, in order to design them it is necessary to have knowledge of the theory of lines, surfaces and their properties, as well as knowledge of the representation methods capable of rendering them on a plane surface. This knowledge set makes stereotomy the science that anticipates, in terms of theory and tools, modern descriptive geometry. These are the reasons for seeking the beginnings of descriptive geometry in stereotomy, that is, the reasons for the transformation of the mason's art of cutting stone into a bona fide science. Frézier's work fits among the last theoretical essays prior to the géométrie descriptive of Gaspard Monge. It is a treaty on solid geometry, devoted to the shape of the bodies, their intersections and the graphical methods necessary to represent them on a plane. In it the author draws up a rigorous theory that puts in place over two centuries of knowledge and experimentation on the subject of cutting stones.

¿Cómo objetivan y reflexionan sobre las crisis y procesos de cambio diferentes actores? ¿Cómo es negociada y reinventada la identidad? ¿Cómo las personas inmersas en procesos de crisis son capaces de reconfigurar una arena transnacional y/o local imaginaria por la que circulan diferentes manifestaciones de afecto simbólicas y materiales? Tales son las principales preguntas que organizan este volumen colectivo, cuyo eje está puesto en la articulación entre política, afectos e identidades. Los aportes que lo componen, por un lado, parten de los afectos como fuerza que resiste el control disciplinario del Estado; por el otro, critican su conservadurismo al legitimar la invasión del mercado y la lógica económica hacia las zonas más íntimas y privadas. Desde las perspectivas confi guradas por la teoría de los afectos, el giro afectivo, las teorías queer y las perspectivas feministas, la historia de las emociones y la intimidad ,etc.

The different cellular mechanisms that govern complex brain functions are regulated through intrinsic (genetic) or external (environmental) factors. One of the most critical regulatory axes at the cellular level is established around the cellular capacities that counteract the oxidative stress emerging in different pathophysiological contexts. At the brain level, this control is essential due to the limited capacity of neurons in forming new cells. Therefore, brain cells cope very efficiently with oxidative stress, and their functions are only altered when these cellular strategies are overwhelmed. This reprint contains original research and review articles on the regulation of cellular processes where antioxidant defenses are essential for maintaining the normal functioning of brain cells, including different cellular signaling mechanisms and their dysfunction.

The Politics of Military Force examines the dynamics of discursive change that made participation in military operations possible against the background of German antimilitarist culture. Once considered a strict taboo, so-called out-of-area operations have now become widely considered by German policymakers to be without alternative. The book argues that an understanding of how certain policies are made possible (in this case, military operations abroad and force transformation), one needs to focus on processes of discursive change that result in different policy options appearing rational, appropriate, feasible, or even self-evident. Drawing on Essex School discourse theory, the book develops a theoretical framework to understand how discursive change works, and elaborates on how discursive change makes once unthinkable policy options not only acceptable but even without alternative. Based on a detailed discourse analysis of more than 25 years of German parliamentary debates, The Politics of Military Force provides an explanation for: (1) the emergence of a new hegemonic discourse in German security policy after the end of the Cold War (discursive change), (2) the rearticulation of German antimilitarism in the process (ideational change/norm erosion) and (3) the resulting making-possible of military operations and force transformation (policy change). In doing so, the book also demonstrates the added value of a poststructuralist approach compared to the naive realism and linear conceptions of norm change so prominent in the study of German foreign policy and International Relations more generally.

Sozialen Innovationen kommt heute – noch verstärkt durch die Corona-Pandemie – immer mehr Aufmerksamkeit zuteil. In Deutschland hat es einige Zeit gebraucht, bis das Konzept und seine Bedeutung ins politische Bewusstsein gerückt ist. Dieser Band spiegelt die interdisziplinären Perspektiven auf Soziale Innovationen wider und fragt nach deren Potenzial, die großen gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen, etwa soziale Ungleichheit oder Klimawandel, zu bewältigen. Dabei nehmen die Beiträge auch förderpolitische Ansätze auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene und Kriterien zur Bewertung und Wirkung von Sozialen Innovationen in den Blick. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

COVID-19 and other public health threats have contributed to more than six million deaths globally in a short amount of time. As such, there is an urgent need to respond to these threats in a way that improves global health and wellbeing. Written by a diverse group of exemplary scientists, the thirteen chapters in this volume provide unique, comprehensive, and science-based approaches to respond to macro-structural, human process, and micro issues affecting public health threats.

This Reprint highlights the importance of bioactive compounds in the development of functional foods that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. It brings together recent advances in antioxidants, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and vitamins, emphasizing their biological mechanisms and potential in preventing and managing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and cancer. By bridging fundamental research with practical applications, this Reprint offers a comprehensive view of how functional foods enriched with bioactive compounds can contribute to public health and future nutrition strategies. The collected articles demonstrate the anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant properties of bioactive substances, while also exploring innovative extraction techniques and food technologies. This Reprint will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policy-makers seeking to advance knowledge and foster innovation in nutrition and health.

Es gibt eine Vielzahl an zu Klassikern geronnenen Beschreibungen der Pädagogik als paradox bzw. Paradoxien bearbeitend (z.B. Freiheit/Zwang). Im Sammelband wird in diesem bzw. dieses Verständnis analysiert, relativiert, justiert und erweitert. Dabei konzentrieren sich die Studien auf pädagogische Theorien, Semantiken, Interaktionen, Professionen und Organisationen. In diesen Kontexten wird den Fragen nachgegangen, inwiefern die Pädagogik in ihren Operationsweisen Paradoxien erzeugt, mitführt und bearbeitet und welche Effekte das zeitigt.

Oscillant entre la presse et le livre, l’enfance et l’âge adulte, la caricature et le réalisme, jouant des cases et des strips, du découpage et de la mise en page, des phylactères et des onomatopées, la bande dessinée est un langage à part entière que ni le cinéma, ni le jeu vidéo, ni Internet n’ont menacé jusqu’à présent. Si le neuvième art a déjà donné naissance à bien des chefs-d’œuvre, de Krazy Kat aux Aventures de Tintin, des Peanuts à Persepolis, des mangas au roman graphique, il est aujourd’hui plus divers et plus vivant que jamais. Dans cette conférence présentée le 7 octobre 2020 dans le cadre du cycle La bande dessinée au Collège de France, Benoît Peeters met en lumière les spécificités de ce médium parfois sous-estimé.

A nuanced account from a user perspective of what it's like to live in a datafied world.We live in a media-saturated society that increasingly transforms our experiences, relations, and identities into data others can analyze and monetize. Algorithms are key to this process, surveilling our most mundane practices, and to many, their control over our lives seems absolute. In Living with Algorithms, Ignacio Siles critically challenges this view by surveying user dynamics in the global south across three algorithmic platforms—Netflix, Spotify, and TikTok—and finds, surprisingly, a more balanced relationship. Drawing on a wealth of empirical evidence that privileges the user over the corporate, Siles examines the personal relationships that have formed between users and algorithms as Latin Americans have integrated these systems into the structures of everyday life, enacted them ritually, participated in public with and through them, and thwarted them. Sometimes users follow algorithms, Siles finds, and sometimes users resist them. At times, users do both. Agency lies in the navigation of the spaces in-between. By analyzing what we do with algorithms rather than what algorithms do to us, Living with Algorithms clarifies the debate over the future of datafication and whether we have a say in its development. Concentrating on an understudied region of the global south, the book provides a new perspective on the commonalities and differences among users within a global ecology of technologies.