Open Access Books

America's westward expansion involved more than pushing the frontier across the Mississippi toward the Pacific; it also consisted of urbanizing undeveloped regions of the colonial states. In 1810, New York's future governor DeWitt Clinton marveled that the "rage for erecting villages is a perfect mania." The development of Rochester and Syracuse illuminates the national experience of internal economic and cultural colonization during the first half of the nineteenth century. Architectural historian Diane Shaw examines the ways in which these new cities were shaped by a variety of constituents—founders, merchants, politicians, and settlers—as opportunities to extend the commercial and social benefits of the market economy and a merchant culture to America's interior. At the same time, she analyzes how these priorities resulted in a new approach to urban planning.According to Shaw, city founders and residents deliberately arranged urban space into three segmented districts—commercial, industrial, and civic—to promote a self-fulfilling vision of a profitable and urbane city. Shaw uncovers a distinctly new model of urbanization that challenges previous paradigms of the physical and social construction of nineteenth-century cities. Within two generations, the new cities of Rochester and Syracuse were sorted at multiple scales, including not only the functional definition of districts, but also the refinement of building types and styles, the stratification of building interiors by floor, and even the coding of public space by class, gender, and race. Shaw's groundbreaking model of early nineteenth-century urban design and spatial culture is a major contribution to the interdisciplinary study of the American city.

This book provides an insight for students, researchers and practitioners on the area of vehicular communications explaining and presenting solutions for some of the most critical issues in this field and, hopefully, inspiring new research directions. The book is organized in Sections, which respond to different layers and aspects of the vehicular technology: infrastructures, cells deployment and its integration with the V2V part, access procedures, advanced services and applications as localization, spectrum sensing, relay-based cooperative networks.

This study considers pain as at once both a medical and cultural phenomenon. It takes as starting point the essays and lectures of Viktor von Weizsäcker, who undertook in his Medical Anthropology to highlight this phenomenon.The central objective of the present investigation is the contemporary significance which may be assigned to the historical conceptions of pain developed in Weizsäcker’s Medical Anthropology – against the background of current findings in physiological and biotechnical pain rearch. This throws open the question of the boundaries of the conceptions at the core of Medical Anthropology.

The Imperial Period Dwelling WE 6 of Terrace House 2 in Ephesus. Living invironment of a family of the town elite.

The author reconstructs, through a long-term look, Pietro Ingrao's idea of work. Considered as an important multifocal point of view on the relationship between politics and society since the immediate postwar period,starting from the changes in the world of production and the struggles between the 1960s and the 1970s, Ingrao emphasizes the need to look at work in the perspective of policies to broaden universal citizenship. This is a change of perspective in which, significantly for Ingrao, he reconnects life times and work times and focuses his analysis on time 'freed' from work, from which also derives his attention to the issue of guaranteed income.

Denne boken handler om leseferdighetene til elever i 10-årsalderen. I Norge er elevene da på 4. og 5. klassetrinn, og det forventes at de i stadig større grad skal bruke lesing for å lære fag. Hvordan står det til med barnas leseferdigheter? Gjennom leseundersøkelsen PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) blir vi kjent med 10-åringenes lesing. I tillegg til å kartlegge hvor godt barna leser, gir PIRLS også viktig informasjon om forhold som påvirker utvikling av leseferdigheter. Hvilken betydning har alder ved skolestart, klassestørrelse, lærerens kompetanse og rektors holdninger? Hvilke forskjeller er det mellom lesekompetansen til gutter og jenter, og hvordan følger skolen opp dem som strever? Og hva skjer når elevene leser digitalt? Siden PIRLS har blitt gjennomført hvert femte år siden 2001, kan vi også studere utviklingen i leseferdigheter over tid. I denne boken presenteres resultatene fra PIRLS 2016. Oppmerksomheten er særlig rettet mot norske forhold. Fordi PIRLS gjennomføres i over 50 land, kan vi også gi et detaljert bilde av hvordan norske elever klarer seg sammenlignet med elever internasjonalt. Bokens redaktør er Egil Gabrielsen, prosjektleder for PIRLS 2016 i Norge. Øvrige bidragsytere er Ingeborg Margrete Berge, Njål Foldnes, Unni Fuglestad, Aslaug Fodstad Gourvennec, Lise Helgevold, Toril Frafjord Hoem, Johanne Hovig, Kjersti Lundetræ, Margunn Mossige, Katrin Schulz-Heidorf, Knut Schwippert, Oddny Judith Solheim, Olaug Strand, Hildegunn Støle og Åse Kari Hansen Wagner. Alle er tilknyttet Nasjonalt senter for leseopplæring og leseforskning ved Universitetet i Stavanger.

The book offers multi-layered responses to the scope and causes of spatial, as well as social, economic and physiognomic changes in the cultural landscape in Slovenian countryside. It presents the results of an interdisciplinary research approach to recognising spatial change and trends within a two-year research project entitled “The Transformation of the Landscape by Agricultural Modernisation and Changes in Settlement Patterns”, which was financed by the Slovenian Research Agency and the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Slovenia within the target research programme Slovenian Competitiveness 2006–2013. Similar research was carried out in three pilot areas, selected because they captured a cross section of typical Slovenian landscape macro-units (Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine and Pannonian), while also covering the processes of intensification and marginalisation.

Intermetallic compounds are usually brittle with high melting points. Their properties are often found among ceramic and metallic materials. In most cases, their hot corrosion resistance and simultaneously hardness are important. One of the main applications of intermetallic compounds is for superalloy turbine blades in which they show appropriate high-temperature-related properties. This book collects new developments about intermetallic compounds and their recent usages.

Laughter, contemporary theory suggests, is often aggressive in some manner and may be prompted by a sudden perception of incongruity combined with memories of past emotional experience. Given this importance of the past to our recognition of the comic, it follows that some ""traditions"" dispose us to ludic responses. The studies in Of Corpse: Death and Humor in Folklore and Popular Culture examine specific interactions of text (jokes, poetry, epitaphs, iconography, film drama) and social context (wakes, festivals, disasters) that shape and generate laughter. Uniquely, however, the essays here peruse a remarkable paradox-the convergence of death and humor.Two studies here focus on joke cycles concerning disasters and celebrities, particularly as spawned or mediated through television and the Internet. One offers an exhaustive look at Internet humor that followed ""September 11,"" and the other interprets the influence of television as especially fertile for the proliferation of humor about mass icons and disasters. Other essays examine the social leveling through laughter at festivals and calendar customs associated with Mexican Day-of-the-Dead traditions, and another highlights the role of the Haitian family of playful, erotic death spirits known as Gedes during Carnival. A chapter on The Grateful Dead shows how the folkloric name and ludic iconography of this rock band nurtured participatory, egalitarian cultural scenes of collective merriment. Another essay inspects Weekend at Bernie's, a film employing the humorous manipulation of a corpse-a time-honored folk motif also explored in chapters on the ""Irish wake"" and the ""merry wake."" In another essay, we saunter through the contemporary American cemetery, noting the instances and import of humor in gravemarker texts.Taken together these essays provide a wide variety of interpretations for complex expressive forms that link death and humor, and that appear to unite groups through their own aesthetics of laughter. By letting down their guard together when encountering communications normally judged as unpleasant, people collectively affirm their own taste and ""sense"" of humor, in the face of official culture and even death itself.

Patents incentivize the creation and dissemination of new technical solutions and help to disclose their working to the public in exchange for limited exclusivity. Injunctions are vital tools for patent enforcement. This book explains how the drafting, tailoring and enforcement of injunctions in patent law works in several leading jurisdictions.

A fascinating interdisciplinary approach to how everyday Western music works, and why the tones, melodies, and chords combine as they do.Despite the cultural diversity of our globalized world, most Western music is still structured around major and minor scales and chords. Countless thinkers and scientists of the past have struggled to explain the nature and origin of musical structures. In Psychoacoustic Foundations of Major-Minor Tonality, music psychologist Richard Parncutt offers a fresh take, combining music theory—Rameau's fundamental bass, Riemann's harmonic function, Schenker's hierarchic analysis, Forte's pitch-class set theory—with psychology—Bregman's auditory scene, Terhardt's virtual pitch, Krumhansl's tonal hierarchy. Drawing on statistical analyses of notated music corpora, Parncutt charts a middle path between cultural relativism and scientific positivism to bring music theory into meaningful discourse with empirical research. Our musical subjectivity, Parncutt explains, depends on our past musical experience and hence on music history and its social contexts. It also depends on physical sound properties, as investigated in psychoacoustics with auditory experiments and mathematical models. Parncutt's evidence-based theory of major-minor tonality draws on his interdisciplinary background to present a theory that is comprehensive, creative, and critical. Examining concepts of interval, consonance, chord root, leading tone, harmonic progression, and modulation, he asks: • Why are some scale tones and chord progressions more common than others? • What aspects of major-minor tonality are based on human biology or general perceptual principles? What aspects are culturally arbitrary? And what about colonial history?Original and provocative, Psychoacoustic Foundations of Major-Minor Tonality promises to become a foundational text in both music theory and music cognition.

Malgré les appels de plus en plus pressants à un réarmement républicain de l’école française, l’enseignement de la littérature reste coupé de la vie, qu’on entende cette dernière à l’échelle de la personne ou à l’échelle du politique. Le présent volume tente de combler cette lacune en commençant à montrer pourquoi l’esprit républicain est justement la pierre de touche la plus pertinente dont nous disposions sur le marché des philosophies politiques depuis la chute du mur de Berlin et sous la mondialisation ultralibérale. La République a des principes, dont les meilleures formulations, dans un sens social, seront recherchées chez Pierre Leroux et chez Marcel Mauss. Elle a aussi une histoire qui appelle à un retour à la diachronie. Contre un classicisme fixiste, Gustave Lanson avait déjà, il y a plus d’un siècle, fondé l’histoire littéraire. Bruno Viard propose d’élargir plus encore l’approche des textes en y faisant entrer une politique et une sociologie elles-mêmes fondées en psychologie. Mais quelle politique ? Mais quelle sociologie ? Mais quelle psychologie ? La méthode mise au point par l’auteur à partir de l’esprit républicain d’une part, à l’aide d’une psychologie et même d’une psychanalyse fondée sur le besoin de reconnaissance d’autre part est appliquée à deux objets bien différents : la littérature romantique, la littérature antillaise.

This compelling exploration delves into President Xi Jinping's ambitious efforts to restore China to its historical role as a global leader through innovative economic means. Bridging the philosophies of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, Xi's approach is a unique synthesis of Marxist-Developmentalist ideas, aiming to convert China's accumulated national wealth into great power status. At the heart of this narrative is a wealth-power dialectic, shaping the performance and challenges of China's modern economic statecraft. The book chronicles the optimism of Xi's first term, the overreach and subsequent retrenchment of his second, all set against the backdrop of a slowing domestic economy and intensifying strategic competition with the United States. Despite these hurdles, the Chinese government continues to expand its arsenal of economic tools and initiatives, showcasing resilience and adaptability. This book offers an insightful look into how Xi Jinping's tenure might be remembered as a pinnacle in China's Marxist-Developmentalist economic history. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the intricate strategies behind China's quest for global preeminence. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

This book is a new addition to research works exploring the diversity of volcanic geology. This book has collected works that approach volcanic phenomena via traditional methods and highlights the significance of volcanic geology in correct and realistic volcanic reconstruction through geological mapping and material science. This important and commonly less respected area of volcanology provides the fundamental basis for understanding volcanoes. The book has attracted works that show advanced technologies and their usage in volcano science. Research subjects such as hidden volcanoes deep beneath the sea surface are common targets of complex technology-aided mapping. Geophysical methods that use approaches to locate potential eruptible magma or magmatic fluids are among the most dynamically evolving methods. As one of the ultimate goals of volcanology is to provide geology-based models that identify volcanic hazards to offer science-based approaches for volcanic hazard mitigation, this book also contains some ideas to show eruption scenarios and historical record–based approaches to understand volcanoes and how to live with them. Overall, this book is a nice collection representing the broad and colorful nature of volcano science.

Pediatric cancer develops in 1 to 500 children. Typically, the type of cancers that develop in children is different than those that develop in adults, in that they are often the result of a DNA mutation rather than environmental or lifestyle risk factors. Leukemia, brain and central nervous system tumors, and neuroblastomas are the most common cancer types in child populations. Children tend to respond better to anticancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation. However, long-term side effects are common in children, often requiring follow-up care and lifestyle intervention for the rest of their lives. The percentage of 5-year survivors was over 50% for the most common cancers. This suggests that a majority of cancers in this population are highly survivable. As such, research should focus on aspects of survivorship for these individuals. This book will explore issues related to pediatric cancer and their associated treatments.