Education & Pedagogy

The beginnings of vocational education are more readily seen during the period 1876-1926. They are characterized by the rise of manual training, trade schools, home economics movements, and agricultural education. The Smith-Hughes Act was passed in response to the demands of the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education. (EC)

The Career Education Program (CEP), conducted at the Walter T. Helms Junior High School (Richmond, California), included the participation of grade 7-8 students, teachers and administrators, and professionals from outside agencies. The advantages and disadvantages of using the services of an outside agency in the career education program are discussed. (EC)

The article cites data collection instruments and summarizes findings reported by IBEX, Inc., a firm under contract with Illinois' Office of Education, vocational division, to evaluate secondary consumer and homemaking education programs in Illinois in 1975. Found to be generally successful, each program's strengths, weaknesses, and most effective strategies were identified. (AJ)

One of the aims of physical education and the lesson content is to maintain lifelong personal and societal relevance. However, to achieve this goal, schools must develop and advocate for effective physical education programs. This article offers 10 whole-school strategies for designing and implementing an effective physical education program.

The prime purpose of Nigeria's non-formal education programs is to prepare people for wage employment or for self-employment; some upgrade the skills of those already employed. The programs' potentials vary; most are heavily dependent upon inconsistent foreign support. A Nigerian tradition, non-formal education is viable but not a panacea. (Author/AJ)

Proposes reorganization of professional pharmacy education to develop a group of practitioners at the contemporary practice level (baccalaureate degree) and a group at a level qualified to direct the profession's beginning states of advanced clinical service development (doctoral degree). Professional roles and teaching goals are outlined for each. (JT)

Reported on a survey in which several hundred economic educators, social scientists, economists, etc. answered a succession of questionnaires narrowing down to one goal of economic education which was supported by a majority of participants. The authors maintain that more effective and more effecient economic education will result from better clarification, organization and definition of the educational goal. (Author/DB)

California delivers Integrated English Literacy and Civics Education using performance-based instruction and assessment. This ensures English language learners are prepared to participate in society as workers, parents, and active community members. This article describes the 20-year-old program's history, structure, requirements, and successes.

Evaluating Experience-Based Career Education was complex; four different programs were created by developer laboratories within common parameters. Evaluation was primarily formative, but the article focuses on information useful to an audience undecided about EBCE implementation. Three areas of measured outcomes are presented: community support, academic quality, and programatic effects. (Author/AJ)

The equal and sweeping collaboration between the public schools and the business-labor-industry communities within the Experience-Based Career Education (EBCE) demonstration project is explained in question-answer form. What the community consists of and is asked for, the requirements it must meet, and the resources provided it are discussed. (Author/AJ)

The implementation of Experience-Based Career Education in Georgia's secondary schools highlights the need for initial assessment of existing curriculum structure (Georgia had an established K-14 career education program) and complimentary program development (Georgia enjoyed a strong school-community partnership). On this groundwork, EBCE has expanded and reinforced existing curriculum. (Author/AJ)

Answers to the questions of (1) whether more middle management programs in distributive education should be developed, (2) what specialized programs in distributive education should be developed and implemented in Nebraska's postsecondary schools, and (3) in what order they should be developed and implemented are suggested in the study. (Author)

An insufficient number of affordable places in Russia's preschool system is affecting the educational development of many young children and reducing the number of mothers who could be working in the economy.

This article documents the characteristics of social work education development through a review of its history. On this basis, it highlights the choices that had to be made in the goals, path of development, academic administration, personnel training, teachers' interests, and other areas in meeting the challenges of the new century.

Using role playing during physical education provides limitless opportunities for intervention and for the demonstration of personal and social qualities. The purpose of this article is to provide easy steps for implementing role playing as a strategy to teach social skills to students in the physical education setting.