Economics & Development

Le Tableau de Bord National de suivi des indicateurs SRMNIA-Nut a été conçu comme un outil central pour le suivi et l’évaluation des indicateurs prioritaires en santé reproductive, maternelle, néonatale, infantile, adolescente et nutritionnelle dans le cadre du Dossier d’Investissement (DI) 2022-2026. Ce rapport vise à détailler les mécanismes d’institutionnalisation, les modalités d’utilisation des données collectées et les stratégies pour assurer la pérennité de cet outil à travers tout le pays.

Viet Nam has pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. This will require increasing diversity in Viet Nam’s electricity supply, a transition to renewable electricity generation, and a reduction in the dependence on coal for electricity generation. Offshore wind holds significant potential for Viet Nam as a large-scale, clean, and reliable form of electricity generation. In 2023, with the approval of the Power Development Plan VIII (PDP8), Viet Nam set a target to install at least 6 GW of offshore wind by 2030 and between 70 GW and 91.5 GW by 2050. With the planned large-scale deployment of offshore wind in Viet Nam, marine spatial planning is critical. This was highlighted in the World Bank’s Offshore Wind Roadmap for Viet Nam which recommended that marine spatial planning for offshore wind is undertaken as a priority activity. This report describes an early-stage marine spatial planning exercise that has been undertaken to inform the location of future offshore wind projects. It provides spatial data layers, an adaptable methodology, and advisory analysis to help identify the least constrained, most economically attractive areas for offshore wind deployment in Viet Nam.

T his report – Cameroon’s first ever official poverty assessment – draws on the country’s latest microdata to suggest policies that can ignite poverty reduction at a pivotal moment. Around 4 in 10 Cameroonians live below the national poverty line – a situation that has changed little for 20 years. Combined with population growth, the number of poor Cameroonians is rising, and now exceeds 10 million people. Growth, while stable, has been slow, with real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita lower today than it was in the 1980s. Productive jobs are scarce, so what little growth is achieved is not reaching the poor and vulnerable. With its geographical advantages, natural capital, rapid urbanization, and a young population with improving human capital outcomes, Cameroon has the potential to address its growing development challenges, but the need for policy reform is urgent. This report provides the latest trends in poverty in Cameroon, assessing its key drivers, and proposing countervailing policies. Alongside core poverty and inequality diagnostics, the report examines the role of shocks, human capital, livelihoods, and access to markets and services in depth. The report draws on the latest microdata collected in Cameroon, including the fifth Enquête Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages (Cameroon Household Survey, ECAM-5) implemented in 2021/22. These household survey data are combined with other innovative data sources, including granular geospatial data. This Executive Summary highlights the poverty assessment’s key findings and outlines the policies that can help Cameroon harness its potential before its development challenges grow too large.

Ce rapport, qui représente la toute première évaluation officielle de la pauvreté au Cameroun, s’appuie sur les dernières microdonnées du pays pour proposer des politiques qui pourraient accélérer la réduction de la pauvreté alors que le Cameroun se trouve à un moment charnière.

中等收入国家正在与时间赛跑。自1990年代以来，许多国家成功摆脱了低收入水平并消除极端贫困，因此人们普遍认为过去三十年是发展的黄金时期。但目前全球有100多个国家人均收入在1,100美元至14,000美元之间，它们的目标是在下一代内跻身高收入国家。以这一目标衡量，它们的表现令人沮丧。自1970年代以来，中等收入国家的中位人均收入一直停滞在美国水平的十分之一以下。随着人口老龄化、保护主义抬头以及加速能源转型的压力不断加剧，当今的中等收入经济体面临的挑战愈发严峻。要在逆风中跻身发达经济体，它们必须创造奇迹。《2024年世界发展报告》借鉴自1950年代以来的发展经验和经济分析进展，指出发展中经济体避免“中等收入陷阱”的路径。报告指出，中等收入国家需要完成两个转型：从投资驱动转向技术注入，再从技术注入转向创新。低中等收入国家必须摒弃一味依赖投资驱动的旧策略，转而将全球先进技术和成功商业模式注入本国经济。这需要将经济的广泛领域重塑为具有全球竞争力的商品和服务供应者。已经掌握技术注入的上中等收入国家可以加快向创新转型的步伐——不仅要借鉴全球技术前沿的理念，还要开始推动技术边界的拓展。这要求再次重构企业、劳动和能源使用方式，并更加重视经济自由、社会流动性和政治竞争力。这两个转型都不是自动发生的。那些快速从中等收入跃升至高收入的少数经济体，都是通过约束强势既得利益者来鼓励企业发展，通过奖优罚劣来培养人才，并借助危机契机调整不再适用的政策和制度。如今的中等收入国家也必须如此。

Os países de renda média estão em uma corrida contra o tempo. Muitos deles têm se saído bem desde a década de 1990 para escapar dos níveis de baixa renda e erradicar a pobreza extrema, levando à percepção de que as últimas três décadas foram ótimas para o desenvolvimento. Mas a ambição das mais de 100 economias com renda per capita entre US$ 1.100 e US$ 14.000 é alcançar o status de alta renda na próxima geração. Quando avaliados em relação a esse objetivo, seu histórico é desanimador. Desde a década de 1970, a renda per capita no país de renda média média estagnou em menos de um décimo do nível dos EUA. Com o envelhecimento da população, o crescente protecionismo e as crescentes pressões para acelerar a transição energética, as economias de renda média de hoje enfrentam probabilidades ainda mais assustadoras. Para se tornarem economias avançadas, apesar dos crescentes ventos contrários, elas terão que fazer milagres. Com base na experiência de desenvolvimento e nos avanços na análise econômica desde a década de 1950, o Relatório de Desenvolvimento Mundial 2024 identifica caminhos para as economias em desenvolvimento evitarem a "armadilha da renda média". Ele aponta para a necessidade de não uma, mas duas transições para aqueles no nível de renda média: a primeira do investimento para a infusão e a segunda da infusão para a inovação. Os governos dos países de renda média baixa devem abandonar o hábito de repetir as mesmas estratégias orientadas por investimentos e, em vez disso, trabalhar para infundir tecnologias modernas e processos de negócios bem-sucedidos de todo o mundo em suas economias. Isso requer a reformulação de grandes áreas dessas economias em fornecedores de bens e serviços competitivos globalmente. Os países de renda média-alta que dominam a infusão podem acelerar a mudança para a inovação – não apenas pegando emprestado ideias das fronteiras globais da tecnologia, mas também começando a empurrar as fronteiras para fora. Isso requer a reestruturação das empresas, do trabalho e do uso de energia mais uma vez, com uma ênfase ainda maior na liberdade econômica, na mobilidade social e na contestabilidade política. Nenhuma das transições é automática. Um punhado de economias que fizeram transições rápidas do status de renda média para alta incentivou o empreendedorismo disciplinando empresas poderosas, desenvolveu talentos recompensando o mérito e capitalizou crises para alterar políticas e instituições que não mais atendem aos propósitos para os quais foram projetadas. Os países de renda média de hoje terão que fazer o mesmo.

随着全球温室气体排放量持续增加，减缓气候变化仍然至关重要。气温继续无情攀升，2023 年是有记录以来最热的一年。虽然政治承诺不断增强，但仍需要采取更多行动减少排放。碳定价是实现《巴黎协定》目标和支持低排放增长所需的政策组合的重要组成部分。本报告重点关注通过碳税、排放交易体系和碳信用机制对温室气体排放进行直接定价。直接碳定价通过提供减少排放的激励来推动气候行动。它说明了这些措施如何融入定价政策生态系统，并强调了了解间接碳定价政策提供的价格信号的重要性。今年的报告涵盖了直接碳定价，重点关注 2023 年 4 月至 2024 年 4 月之间的发展。报告第 2 章探讨了全球碳税和排放交易体系的趋势。第 3 章分析了碳信用市场和机制，第 4 章总结了本报告的主要内容。

Water is essential to building a livable planet and is central to the achievement of all the Sustainable Development Goals. This critical resource is under unprecedented threat. Water crises are becoming more severe, and increasing costs are being imposed on governments, people, and businesses as a result of droughts and floods, failing water systems, and a degrading water ecosystem that threatens our health and biodiversity. Governments and the private sector face critical choices and need to act wisely and collaboratively to develop and implement responses that are appropriate to the magnitude of the challenge. Without collaboration, we will fail to address the complex challenges that lie ahead. No business can afford to ignore water-related risks. Working with the 2030 Water Resources Group (WRG), companies can reduce their direct operational and supply chain risks, and market risks. WRG partnerships enable business leaders to work with government decision-makers to shape water strategies and address bottlenecks in policies and regulations. Currently, close to 350 companies are engaged in WRG’s transformative initiatives to mitigate these risks while creating a water-secure world in which people can thrive. WRG has three focus areas: Water for Food (supporting climate-smart irrigation and food production); Water for Planet (scaling wastewater treatment and reuse); and Water for Cities (creating water-secure city-regional systems). In FY24 it had active, impact-focused initiatives in Bangladesh, Colombia, Ethiopia, India, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Rwanda, and South Africa. WRG works closely with the World Bank, leveraging public sector finance and private sector innovations. For example, preparations for the first public-private partnership (PPP) for a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Bangladesh were completed in FY24, while in Uttar Pradesh in India, the private sector is working alongside the public sector in an initiative aimed at increasing water-use efficiency through a streamlined, digital delivery model for micro irrigation.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of how European Union (EU) member states monitor poverty and social exclusion at the subnational level, while also offering practical guidance to enhance these practices. By examining the existing data landscape and drawing on successful approaches within the European Union and in other relevant countries, the report seeks to support member states in building robust databases to capture subnational indicators of poverty and social exclusion. The report is divided into two main parts: Part 1, “Diagnostic,” addresses critical questions about the current data landscape in the 27 EU member states. It examines specific examples from five countries with significant European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) allocations and highlights successful cases from both EU and non-EU countries. The findings are based on extensive desk research and in-depth interviews with data producers and users across EU member states. Part 2, “Recommendations,” offers tailored guidance to improve the production of poverty and social exclusion indicators at detailed subnational levels. Recognizing the varied capacity of EU member states to adopt register-based data systems and use administrative records for subnational statistics, this section offers strategies that align with countries’ current data infrastructure to enhance accuracy, comparability, and accessibility. Countries are grouped into three readiness groups: low (relying mainly on survey-based data), mid (using a mix of register and survey-based data), and high (primarily register-based). The recommendations leverage the strengths of each group, supporting gradual progress toward more comprehensive and efficient data systems.

Ghana, in collaboration with development partners, developed a suite of medicine policy tools covering medicine pricing, health technology assessment, antimicrobial resistance, and supply chain traceability. Medicines policy is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health (MOH). The Ghana Health Service (GHS) is the main public service provider; tertiary hospitals are independently managed. Resources to support the implementation of central policies are limited and accountability is ambiguous. This policy note describes how medicines in Ghana are regulated, supplied, prescribed, utilized, and paid for in the public and private sectors. It focuses on the performance of the system in ensuring access to quality essential medicines for the population. The note covers the pharmaceutical sector governance, market dynamics, supply chain, medicine financing and utilization, and other relevant topics.