Economics & Development

Los países de ingreso mediano se encuentran en una carrera contra el tiempo. A partir de la década de 1990, muchos de ellos han logrado buenos resultados para superar los niveles de ingreso bajo y erradicar la pobreza extrema, lo que ha dado lugar a la percepción de que los últimos 30 años han sido muy positivos para el desarrollo. Pero las más de 100 economías con ingresos per cápita de entre USD 1100 y USD 14 000 aspiran a alcanzar la categoría de ingreso alto en la próxima generación. Cuando se los evalúa en función de este objetivo, sus resultados son desalentadores. Desde la década de 1970, el ingreso per cápita de la mediana de los países de ingreso mediano se ha estancado en menos de una décima parte del de Estados Unidos. Con el envejecimiento de la población, el aumento del proteccionismo y la intensificación de las presiones para acelerar la transición energética, las economías de ingreso mediano de la actualidad se enfrentan a probabilidades cada vez más abrumadoras. Para convertirse en economías avanzadas a pesar de los crecientes factores adversos, tendrán que hacer milagros. A partir de la experiencia en materia de desarrollo y de los avances en el análisis económico desde la década de 1950, en el Informe sobre el desarrollo mundial 2024 se señala el camino para que las economías en desarrollo eviten la "trampa del ingreso mediano". Señala la necesidad no de una, sino de dos transiciones para las personas de ingreso mediano: la primera de la inversión a la incorporación de tecnología y la segunda de la incorporación de tecnología a la innovación. Los Gobiernos de los países de ingreso mediano bajo deben abandonar el hábito de repetir las mismas estrategias impulsadas por la inversión y, en cambio, trabajar para incorporar en sus economías tecnologías modernas y procesos empresariales exitosos provenientes de todo el mundo. Para ello, es necesario reconfigurar amplios segmentos de esas economías para convertirlos en proveedores de bienes y servicios competitivos a nivel mundial. Los países de ingreso mediano alto que han tenido éxito en la incorporación de tecnología pueden acelerar el cambio hacia la innovación, no solo tomando prestadas ideas de las fronteras mundiales de la tecnología, sino también comenzando a ampliar esas fronteras. Para ello es necesario reestructurar una vez más las empresas, el trabajo y el uso de la energía, poniendo aún más énfasis en la libertad económica, la movilidad social y la apertura política. Ninguna de las dos transiciones es automática. Las pocas economías en las que la transición del ingreso mediano al ingreso alto fue rápida fomentaron la actividad empresarial disciplinando a los actores establecidos más poderosos, desarrollaron el talento recompensando el mérito y capitalizaron las crisis para modificar políticas e instituciones que ya no se ajustaban a los propósitos para los que habían sido diseñadas. Los países de ingreso mediano de hoy tendrán que hacer lo mismo.

This presentation highlights findings from the first two waves of the Sudan Welfare Monitoring System (SWMS), an initiative established to address critical information gaps on the household-level impacts of Sudan's conflict. Combining high-frequency phone surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and remote sensing analysis, the SWMS provides evidence on displacement, asset losses, food security, mental health, economic activity, and infrastructure damage. Findings from Survey Waves 1 and 2 reveal widespread displacement, significant loss of household assets, deteriorating food security conditions, and growing mental health challenges among conflict-affected populations. The presentation also showcases how remote sensing data can be used to assess changes in agricultural production, economic activity, population movements, and infrastructure damage, offering a comprehensive picture of how the conflict is reshaping livelihoods and development conditions across Sudan.

Kazakhstan’s economy grew by 4% in real terms in 2024 with a decline from 5.1% in 2023. Inflation has shown signs of easing, dropping to 8.4 percent in December 2024 y-o-y, down from 9.8 percent in December 2023. However, rising prices was still voiced as one of the main concerns among respondents in the Listening to Kazakhstan Survey. While the public’s perception of local economic conditions improved in the third quarter of 2024, it remained below the levels observed in the beginning of the year. Furthermore, this indicator, as well as people’s perceptions about if it was a good time to start business, remained below the values observed in 2023. Public assessment of the government’s effectiveness, including support for reforms, fighting corruption and engaging in open dialogue, deteriorated since the beginning of the year. In addition, approximately 20 percent of respondents perceived their households as poor, and these households were less upbeat about local economic conditions. Concerns about income and wealth inequality were widespread (expressed by 91 and 89 percent of respondents, respectively), at similar levels that have been observed since the last quarter of 2021

Tajikistan is a landlocked and mountainous country, with a young - mostly rural - population of about 10 million, an undiversified economic structure, and low per capita income. Despite steady economic growth for more than two decades, Tajikistan continues to be characterized by high poverty rates, a high dependency on remittance-related financial inflows, and large informal employment. While key macroeconomic data show positive dynamics, Tajikistan still struggles to overcome structural bottlenecks that inhibit productive job creation and make the economy vulnerable to external shocks. Realizing these development challenges, the government has made a commitment to keep transforming the economy as outlined in the National Development Strategy (NDS) for the period 2016-2030. The country context has changed considerably since the inaugural Streamlined Country Diagnostic (SCD) of 2018, requiring some restructuring of the defined development priority areas for this SCD update and better alignment with global challenges.

Idén a Subnational B-READY sorozat 40 várost fed le hat EU-tagállamban – Bulgáriában, Horvátországban, Magyarországon, Portugáliában, Romániában és Szlovák Köztársaságban –, 36 európai régiót lefedve. Romániában a Subnational B-READY kilenc várost fed le nyolc régióban a NUTS2 szinten: Brašov (Közép), Bukarest (Bukarest-Ilfov), Kluzzs-Napoca, Oradea (Északnyugat), Constan?a (Délkelet), Craiova (Délnyugat-Oltenia), Ia?i (Északkelet), Ploie-ti (Dél-Muntenia) és Timišoara (Nyugat). A Subnational B-READY tanulmányok elsődleges célja a regionális egyenlőtlenségek azonosítása és kezelése a szabályozási környezetben, valamint olyan reformok előmozdítása, amelyek elősegítik a magánszektor növekedését, munkahelyteremtését és fenntarthatóságát. A Subnational B-READY sorozat szigorú, adatvezérelt elemzést nyújt a helyi szintű üzleti légkörről, gyakorlati betekintést nyújtva a döntéshozók számára.

This report analyzes legal and policy barriers to women’s economic participation across the Federal Capital Territory and seven states, using an expanded methodology beyond the global index. The study captures variations across federal, state, religious, and customary legal systems through three pillars: legal frameworks, supportive frameworks, and expert opinions. Findings reveal that women have less than half the legal rights of men across states, with persistent gaps in labor laws, childcare, family rights, and protection from violence. While pension provisions perform relatively well due to federal legislation, significant disparities remain in areas such as workplace equality, inheritance, and entrepreneurship. The deep-dive highlights regional differences, identifies good practices, and provides targeted reform recommendations to strengthen gender equality and improve women’s economic empowerment across Nigeria.

This guide addresses the variety of infrastructural investments that are likely to provide the highest value for improving the performance of Irrigation &Drainage (I&D) as part of the efforts to innovate and modernize. Boosting the performance of I&D schemes requires attention to both on- and off-farm aspects. Enhancement of on-farm irrigation management is dependent upon a reliable and flexible water supply to fields. Off-farm systems require strategic and coordinated development to ensure that all parts work together as a unit (as opposed to focusing on individual structures or technologies). This guide was written to document the process of Innovation & Modernization (I&M) in I&D and the wide range of technological improvements that could help energize the irrigated agricultural sector globally. In a world where fresh water is increasingly a scarce commodity, a modernized irrigation sector could help respond to current and emerging water challenges and market opportunities, while adding economic, social, and environmental value. The guide’s audience includes World Bank task teams, irrigation service providers and scheme operators, stakeholders in government, and various other decision-makers, such as irrigation and agriculture agencies and development organizations, as well as irrigating farmers and their organizations. The guide also provides an entry point into a detailed repertoire of technological I&M solutions organized in a series of technical fiches, attachments, and country case studies.

បច្ចុប្បន្នភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ចកម្ពុជា៖ ពីការងើបឡើងវិញទៅភាពធន់ - ទាញយកវិស័យទេសចរណ៍ និងពាណិជ្ជកម្មជាកត្តាជំរុញកំណើន៖ ការផ្តោតជាពិសេស - រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ ភាពរឹងមាំ និងឧបសគ្គអាជីវកម្មចំពោះផលិតភាពការងារ កម្ពុជានឹងត្រូវធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងយ៉ាងខ្លាំងនូវដំណើរការផលិតភាពរបស់ខ្លួននៅក្នុងទសវត្សរ៍ខាងមុខ ដើម្បីរក្សាបាននូវអត្រាកំណើនសេដ្ឋកិច្ចខ្ពស់ និងសម្រេចបាននូវចក្ខុវិស័យរបស់ខ្លួនក្នុងការក្លាយជាប្រទេសដែលមានប្រាក់ចំណូលខ្ពស់យ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័ស។ កំណើនផលិតភាពមិនមែនជាកត្តាជំរុញដ៏សំខាន់នៃកំណើនជាប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រទេ ហើយកម្រិតផលិតភាពការងាររបស់កម្ពុជាមានកម្រិតទាបខ្លាំងបើធៀបនឹងដៃគូររបស់ខ្លួននៅគ្រប់វិស័យនៃសេដ្ឋកិច្ច។ ផ្នែកផ្តោតពិសេសនៃរបាយការណ៍នេះ បង្ហាញពីវិស័យកំណែទម្រង់ជាអាទិភាពចំនួនបួន ដើម្បីគាំទ្រការផ្លាស់ប្តូរយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័សទៅកាន់គំរូកំណើនដែលដឹកនាំដោយផលិតភាពកាន់តែច្រើននៅក្នុងប្រទេសកម្ពុជា។

The State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF) is the World Bank’s largest multi-donor trust fund providing catalytic financing to prevent conflict, support rapid crisis response, and build long-term resilience in situations of fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV). The SPF finances work in areas such as gender, governance, water, climate resilience of FCV-affected communities, and the role of women as actors in peacebuilding and resilience. This work is done in partnership with the United Nations and other partners on the ground and requires a deep understanding of local situations, as well as a broad sharing of knowledge across countries and regions. This document provides brief summaries of all approved grants as of December 31, 2024, under the State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF). Grants are organized chronologically by region and country.