Economics & Development

A atualização de 2023 da Estrutura de Medição da SBFN foi orientada pelas prioridades dos membros e pelas tendências globais em finanças sustentáveis. Ela reflete a diversificação dos membros da SBFN, capturando evoluções em todo o ecossistema do setor financeiro (incluindo bancos, mercados de capitais, seguros e pensões). Inclui prioridades emergentes, como o risco relacionado com a natureza, o financiamento inclusivo e novos indicadores sobre risco climático alinhadas com boas práticas internacionais e desenvolvimento de padrões. A Estrutura atualizada também visa medir a implementação de finanças sustentáveis através de indicadores quantitativos.

The Country Opinion Survey in Laos People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Laos PDR perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral and bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Laos PDR on: (1) their views regarding the general environment in Laos PDR; (2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Laos PDR; (3) overall impressions of the WBG’s effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Laos PDR; and (4) their perceptions of the WBG’s future role in Laos PDR.

Ghana’s domestic revenue mobilization (DRM) has suffered in recent years, with collected revenues as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) declining from 15.7 percent in 2017 to 13 percent in 2021. Revenue targets were missed by more than 7 percent on average during that period, affecting budget credibility. The impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, notably through higher inflation, has exposed underlying macro-fiscal instability and calls for bold tax policy measures and tax administration reforms. In 2023, Ghana’s economic growth was more resilient than expected, also thanks to greater government appetite for reform and deeper engagement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Inflation has moderated, the fiscal and external positions have improved, and the exchange rate has stabilized. The adoption of an ambitious Medium Term Revenue Strategy (MTRS) for 2024–2027 lays a foundation for even more robust reforms toward fiscal stability and economic prosperity.

The State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF) is the World Bank’s largest multi-donor trust fund, providing catalytic financing to prevent conflict, support rapid crisis response, and build long-term resilience in situations of fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV). The SPF finances work in areas such as gender, governance, water, climate resilience of FCV-affected communities, and the role of women as actors in peacebuilding and resilience. This work is done in partnership with the United Nations and other partners on the ground and requires a deep understanding of local situations, as well as a broad sharing of knowledge across countries and regions. This document provides brief summaries of all completed State and Peacebuilding Fund (SPF) grants as of December 31, 2024. Grants are organized chronologically by region and country.

This note is designed to be read alongside the companion policy note on electronic signatures, which explains the role of PKI in implementing cryptographically secured digital signatures within a national electronic signature framework. The present note extends this analysis through practical guidance on implementing PKI at scale, ensuring government efforts complement private sector investments. By surveying different approaches, the note showcases diverse strategies that policymakers can draw from when designing and building their own national PKI ecosystems. This analysis is illustrated through illustrative case studies drawn from countries and organizations across various regions and income levels, namely India, Brazil, the United States, South Korea, Estonia, Saudi Arabia, The Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom, and Lebanon, as well as the European Union and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

This options paper aims to highlight select evidence-based and innovative options for potential programming that could unlock women’s and girls’ empowerment through the World Bank’s portfolio in Somalia. It is the operational companion to the Gender Policy Note which identifies key challenges that women and girls face in Somalia. The paper highlights work already being done in the current Somalia portfolio and identifies opportunities to deepen a focus on gender gaps in future programming and policy discussions, while remaining cognizant of the country’s humanitarian situation. In some areas, the paper suggests new fields that the Bank could expand into to address women’s empowerment.

Les pays à revenu intermédiaire, qui comptent actuellement 6 milliards d’habitants, sont engagés dans une course contre la montre. Depuis les années 1990, un grand nombre de ces pays affichent des résultats qui sont suffisamment bons pour leur éviter de tomber dans la catégorie des pays à faible revenu et leur permettre d’éliminer l’extrême pauvreté, et donnent ainsi l’impression générale que les trois dernières décennies ont été propices au développement. Les attentes, fondées sur une période durant laquelle plus des deux tiers de la population de la planète avaient moins d’un dollar par jour pour vivre, sont toutefois demeurées extrêmement limitées. Aujourd’hui, 108 pays figurent dans la catégorie des pays à revenu intermédiaire. Beaucoup d’entre eux ont pour objectif de rentrer dans celles des pays à revenu élevé au cours des 20 ou 30 prochaines années. Le bilan des efforts déployés à ce jour dans ce but est toutefois bien sombre. Depuis les années 1990, seulement 34 pays à revenu intermédiaire — qui ont moins de 250 millions d’habitants, soit l’équivalent de la population du Pakistan — y sont parvenus. Qui plus est, le revenu médian par habitant des pays à revenu intermédiaire n’a jamais, depuis 1970, dépassé un niveau supérieur au dixième du revenu médian des États-Unis.

Страны со средним уровнем дохода, население которых сегодня составляет 6 миллиардов человек, ведут гонку со временем. С 1990-х годов многие из них добились неплохих результатов – этого хватило, чтобы выйти из категории стран с низким уровнем дохода и искоренить крайнюю бедность; на этом фоне сформировалось общее убеждение, что в последние тридцать лет дела в области развития шли прекрасно. Но их ожидания были невероятно низки – это было воспоминанием о тех временах, когда более двух третей населения планеты жило менее чем на доллар в день. Сегодня к странам со средним уровнем дохода относятся 108 стран. Многие из них ставят своей целью достичь статуса страны с высоким уровнем дохода в течение ближайших двадцати-тридцати лет. Однако если оценивать ситуацию с точки зрения достижения этой цели, то результаты неутешительны. С 1990-х годов в категорию стран с высоким уровнем дохода перешли всего 34 страны со средним уровнем дохода. Общая численность их населения составляет 250 миллионов человек, что составляет население Пакистана. И с 1970 года медианный доход на душу населения в странах со средним уровнем дохода никогда не превышал одной десятой этого показателя в США