Science & Mathematics

La fièvre est un motif fréquent de consultation aux urgences pédiatriques. La clinique seule ne permettant pas toujours de retrouver un point d’appel et la nécessité de ne pas passer à côté d’une infection bactérienne sévère justifient la demande d’examens complémentaires à la recherche d’un syndrome inflammatoire. La CRP est un marqueur d’inflammation ayant montré son intérêt en cas de fièvre. Notre étude a évalué l’utilisation de la CRP « rapide » dans la prise en charge des enfants consultant pour fièvre. L’étude s’est déroulée aux urgences pédiatriques du CHU de Bordeaux sur deux périodes de 7 semaines entre septembre 2019 et mars 2020 à l’aide d’un questionnaire à remplir à chaque utilisation de CRP rapide. Au total, 187 questionnaires ont été complétés sur 580 CRP rapides réalisées. La CRP rapide a entraîné une modification de la prise en charge médicale dans 62% des cas. En cas de CRP basse, elle a permis d’écarter le risque d’infection bactérienne sévère et a entraîné principalement l’abstention d’examens complémentaires et un retour plus rapide de l’enfant à son domicile. Au contraire, en cas de CRP plus élevée, elle a entraîné la réalisation d’examens complémentaires à la recherche d’une potentielle infection bactérienne. Au vu de nos résultats, nous proposons une mise à jour des recommandations d’utilisation de la CRP rapide et un algorithme de prise en charge incluant la CRP rapide pour les enfants de plus de 3 mois consultant pour fièvre nue.

This paper deals with the damage of ceramic materials after impact. The main information on the phenomenology and the kinetic damage are often localized inside the Hertzian cone crack area [1]. With a ceramic tile target, it is not possible to obtain any information during the test. Therefore a new geometry of ceramic target, called "Match" was developed in order to put crack gauge inside the Hertzian cone. The relationship between collected experimental data and microstructural studies allow to validate the results of a three dimensional finite element simulation.

We propose a simple model of a mating economy in both monogamous and polygynous cultures, and derive implications for how polygyny affects individual and aggregate fertility. We find that an attractive woman is more likely to find a high-status husband. However, when polygyny is allowed, high-status husbands naturally attract other women; this implies that female beauty increases the likelihood of entering into a polygynous relationship. A woman in a polygynous relationship produces fewer children than a woman in a monogamous relationship as long as the preference for reproduction relative to consumption is not too strong. However, the societal practice of polygyny increases aggregate fertility through two distinct channels: (1) by increasing the number of marriages; (2) by triggering fertility contagion: a woman, whether involved in a monogamous or polygynous relationship, produces more children as polygyny becomes more prevalent in her neighborhood. We empirically validate each of the model's key predictions.

L’approche incarnée et située prédit des interactions directes entre les traitements sensorimoteurs et cognitifs. Cet article présente les arguments en faveur de telles interactions en se concentrant sur le fonctionnement sensoriel et mnésique chez le jeune adulte, ainsi que sur la question des mécanismes qui sous-tendent ces interactions. Ces mécanismes incarnés et situés s’accompagnent non seulement d’interrogations épistémologiques fondamentales sur la notion de représentation et de modularité des fonctions cognitives, mais aussi d’enjeux d’ordre appliqué, en particulier lorsque l’approche incarnée et située est appréhendée selon un critère de fécondité épistémique. Cette fécondité est illustrée avec l’étude du vieillissement cognitif, car le vieillissement est marqué par des changements concomitants dans le traitement sensorimoteur et mnésique.

Plan : I. La Cour interaméricaine : « petite sœur » de la Cour européenne ? II. La Cour interaméricaine : une Cour « autonome »

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) presents a high risk of relapse and metastases with outcomes not improving despite extensive research and new targeted therapies. We recently showed that the Hedgehog receptor Patched is expressed in ACC, where it strongly contributes to doxorubicin efflux and treatment resistance. Here, we report the identification of a new inhibitor of Patched drug efflux, the anti-histaminergic drug astemizole. We show that astemizole enhances the cytotoxic, proapoptotic, antiproliferative and anticlonogenic effects of doxorubicin on ACC cells at concentrations of astemizole or doxorubicin that are not effective by themselves. Our results suggest that a low concentration of astemizole sensitizes ACC cells to doxorubicin, which is a component of the standard treatment for ACC composed of etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin and mitotane (EDPM). Patched uses the proton motive force to efflux drugs. This makes its function specific to cancer cells, thereby avoiding toxicity issues that are commonly observed with inhibitors of ABC multidrug transporters. Our data provide strong evidence that the use of astemizole or a derivative in combination with EDPM could be a promising therapeutic option for ACC by increasing the treatment effectiveness at lower doses of EDPM, which would reduce the severe side effects of this regimen.

Exemple de politique d'animation menée par la bibliothèque d'une commune du Nord de 18.000 habitants : Halluin qui a fait du partenariat avec les écoles et les différentes instances socioculturelles de la ville un de ses axes majeurs.

We consider the computation of averaged coefficients for the homogenization of elliptic partial differential equations. In this problem, like in many multiscale problems, a large number of similar computations parametrized by the macroscopic scale is required at the microscopic scale. This is a framework very much adapted to model order reduction attempts. The purpose of this work is to show how the reduced-basis approach allows to speed up the computation of a large number of cell problems without any loss of precision. The essential components of this reduced-basis approach are the {\it a posteriori} error estimation, which provides sharp error bounds for the outputs of interest, and an approximation process divided into offline and online stages, which decouples the generation of the approximation space and its use for Galerkin projections.

In recent years [1-3], the authors have been trying to develop a quantitative understanding of what seismic attenuation in rocks and sediments is primarily due to. Although many attenuation mechanisms have been proposed in the literature, only a few more recent models have both begun to predict attenuation levels that are consistent with field measurements in the seismic band (10 Hz to a few kHz) and been based on a realistic physical description of rocks. These models assume that rock contains " mesoscopic-scale " heterogeneity, which is defined as heterogeneity over scales larger than the grains, but smaller than the seismic wavelengths. When rocks containing mesoscopic structure are stressed, the more compliant parts of the rock respond with a larger fluid pressure change than do the stiffer parts, which results in fluid flow and wave attenuation. One approach we have taken to better understand the mechanism of seismic attenuation in the presence of mesoscopic heterogeneity is to perform numerical simulations [2-3]. Computer-generated synthetic rock samples are created that have spatially variable poroelastic moduli and porous-continuum properties (e.g., porosity and permeability) distributed over the pixels. The numerical experiments consist of applying a time-varying stress to the sample surface, and measuring the resultant sample strain (defined as the average local strain throughout a sample). The Fourier transform of the stress and strain determine the sample's complex frequency-dependent moduli, while the ratios of the imaginary and real parts of these moduli define the inverse quality factor 1/Q for the compressional and shear modes. The local response within such synthetic samples is obtained using finite-difference approximations of Biot's poroelasticity equations. The finite-difference algorithm we employ [4-5] is an explicit time-stepping scheme on a staggered grid that can allow for the full-range of dynamics contained in Biot's equations including the onset of viscous-boundary layers in the pores at high-enough frequency. Using both numerical and analytical modeling, the level of attenuation in samples containing mesoscopic-scale heterogeneity is shown to be proportional to the square of the contrast in elastic moduli present. Stated differently, in materials possessing random fluctuations, the attenuation is proportional to the variance of the probability distribution used to randomly distribute the local elastic moduli. Further, when the heterogeneity is smoothly varying (i.e., not placed in the form of " patches " that are characterized by step function changes), the high frequency limit of seismic Q-1 (a measure of attenuation) is not the often assumed (and modeled) f-1/2 dependence, but is instead f-1 where f is wave frequency. Further, when the poroelastic moduli are distributed as self-affine fractals having a Hurst exponent H, both numerical results and analytical arguments demonstrate the scaling law Q(f) = f H. Last, in pure shear, it is demonstrated that contrasts in the bulk modulus can be responsible for local fluid pressure changes (some positive and some negative) that average to zero in pure shear, but that are responsible for a considerable amount of mesoscopic-scale flow and associated shear attenuation. In the laboratory, we have been measuring the mesoscale fluctuation in the elastic properties of actual rocks using a novel servo-controlled indentor. The device measures the fluctuations of the " surface " or " indention " modulus on the surface of a planar rock slab. We will present several maps of the