Open Access Books

This Element shows that existing models of global slavery derived from sociology rather than history. It argues that we can understand the global history of slavery in ways that historicise the study of history as an institution with a history that changes over time and space. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Editorial of JRFM 2017, 3/1 : Drawn Stories, Moving Images. Comic Books and their Screen Adaptations

Nanostructured solar cells are very important in renewable energy sector as well as in environmental aspects, because it is environment friendly. The nano-grating structures (such as triangular or conical shaped) have a gradual change in refractive index which acts as a multilayer antireflective coating that is leading to reduced light reflection losses over broadband ranges of wavelength and angle of incidence. There are different types of losses in solar cells that always reduce the conversion efficiency, but the light reflection loss is the most important factor that decreases the conversion efficiency of solar cells significantly. The antireflective coating is an optical coating which is applied to the surface of lenses or any optical devices to reduce the light reflection losses. This coating assists for the light trapping capturing capacity or improves the efficiency of optical devices, such as lenses or solar cells. Hence, the multilayer antireflective coatings can reduce the light reflection losses and increases the conversion efficiency of nanostructured solar cells.

L’accès au traitement antirétroviral dans les pays du Sud a initialement fait débat parmi les experts médicaux ou en santé publique. La présente étude retrace la participation de l’IRD en faveur de cet accès au travers de recherches qu’il a menées avec ses partenaires au Cameroun, en Côte d’Ivoire et au Sénégal à des moments clés de l’introduction et de la diffusion à large échelle du traitement. Ces travaux, au caractère précurseur, ont eu de multiples impacts sanitaires, sociaux, économiques et en matière de renforcement des compétences en recherche et dans la prise en charge des patients.

What literary and social functions do self-annotations (i.e. footnotes and endnotes that authors appended to their own works) serve? Focussing on Alexander Pope’s Dunciads and a wide selection of Lord Byron’s poems, Lahrsow shows that literary self-annotations rarely just explain a text. Rather, they multiply meanings and pit different voices against each other. Self-annotations serve to ambiguate the author’s self-presentation as well as the genre, tone, and overall interpretation of a text. The study also examines how notes were employed for ‘social networking’ and how authors used self-annotations to address, and differentiate between, various groups of readerships. Additionally, the volume sheds light on the wider literary and cultural context of self-annotations: How common were they during the long eighteenth century? What conventions governed them? And were they even read? The study hence combines literary analysis with insights into book history and the history of reading.

This chapter examines institutional strategies employed by Uber, Airbnb, and incumbent competitors. Entrepreneurs use institutional strategies to seek or preserve legitimacy by either changing or maintaining the institutional and regulatory setting. Using a two-fold case study design, based on data from content analysis and interviews, we compare institutional strategies across sharing economy ecosystems of ride-hailing and hospitality lodging. We also analyse how those strategies have shaped governance since sharing platforms’ entry in Brussels over a decade ago. The findings show that each ecosystem has its specific dynamics in terms of institutional strategies and governance.

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Ancient DNA (aDNA) research has become one of the most influential developments in archaeological science. It allows researchers to recover and analyze genetic material from long-deceased humans, animals, plants, and pathogens. The research results have been widely published in high-impact journals and frequently featured in the media, giving aDNA visibility that has led some to describe archaeogenetics as a “celebrity science”. This volume introduces the field of archaeogenetics through a Finnish lens, and combines research results from the Sugrige/Sumragen ancient genome project and the Vapriikki Museum Centre’s research and exhibition initiative at the ruined St. Michael’s church in Pälkäne and Vilusenharju cemetery in Tampere. The book brings ancient and historically more recent individuals close to a modern reader by presenting several case studies, through which archaeogenetics is framed as a genuinely interdisciplinary field drawing on archaeology, molecular biology, bioinformatics, history, and linguistics. The publication starts by examining the potential and limitations of aDNA analysis and highlights the methodological challenges such as DNA degradation, contamination risks, and the unpredictable nature of preservation. Sampling strategies and laboratory protocols are discussed in detail, as is the complexity of the interpretation of DNA data. The book also critically examines the broader societal implications of genetic research, including the increasing popularity of commercial ancestry tests and genetic genealogy. These contexts involve a risk of oversimplifying complex genealogical and population histories. Ethical issues are addressed throughout the volume, particularly the treatment of human remains and the responsibilities of researchers, and the findings are placed in a broader historical and archaeological interpretative framework. For example, the chapters discuss how linguistic, archaeological, and genetic histories may follow distinct and sometimes divergent paths. The chapters explore the genetic legacy of archaic humans, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, the genetic dimensions of Finland’s settlement history, kinship structures, health conditions and personal characteristics of individuals. The latter include analyses of sex, eye and hair colour, and disease susceptibility, which are always approached with caution and respect towards the examined individual. In addition to human-centered studies, the volume highlights applications of aDNA in environmental and ecological research. Chapters on metagenomics, ancient plants, and the genetic histories of animals explore how molecular data can illuminate long-term ecological change, domestication processes, and human-environment interactions. Proteomic analysis is presented as a valuable complementary method, particularly in cases where DNA is poorly preserved, contributing further insights into past diets, health, and species identification. The final chapter on the prehistoric languages spoken in the area of modern Finland complements the volume by offering a linguistic perspective that enriches the genetic and archaeological narratives. The book shows how interdisciplinary archaeogenetic research can shed light on various aspects of human history, and contributes to a critically informed and ethically responsible approach to molecular archaeology by expanding scientific understanding while recognizing the importance of contextualization in the study of the lives and legacies of past populations.

From a multidisciplinary perspective, this book addresses the main problems surrounding the housing provision model in Spain and its consequences: the growing residential exclusion. Framed in today's society and with a historical perspective, it analyses policies, legislation, the concept of residential exclusion, measurement tools and groups with residential disadvantages.

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Peuplé de 200 000 habitants, l'archipel de Vanuatu se compose de 80 îles ou îlots bordés de récifs frangeants sur lesquels s'exerce depuis des siècles une petite pêche vivrière qualifiée de «traditionnelle». Après l'accession du pays à l'indépendance en 1980, un ambitieux programme de développement de la pêche côtière a été mis en place par le Service des Pêches de Vanuatu, suivi au plan scientifique par l'ORSTOM (aujourd'hui l'IRD). Lorsque le programme prend son essor en 1983, l'économie rurale de Vanuatu est dominée par l'agriculture - la production de coprah issue des cocotiers, notamment - et l'élevage bovin. La pêche, à travers son secteur vivrier, joue un rôle déjà essentiel dans la sécurité alimentaire des populations du littoral, que le projet gouvernemental va contribuer à renforcer. Les dynamiques de cette pêche vivrière ont été saisies à dix ans d'intervalle, à travers les deux recensements halieutiques et agricoles que le Service National de la Statistique de Vanuatu a conduit en 1983 et 1993 sur l'ensemble du pays. Le présent atlas est un bilan cartographique de cette expérience de développement qui s'apparente à une véritable révolution «bleue». Il se veut à la fois un ouvrage de réflexion sur l'évolution de la pêche dans un pays insulaire de la zone intertropicale, et un vecteur de promotion de la cartographie comme outil d'analyse et de représentation des dynamiques de la pêche côtière. Il s'adresse à un large public : les spécialistes du domaine halieutique ou de l'Océanie, les pêcheurs et administrateurs des pêches du Pacifique Sud auxquels il présente un outil leur permettant de mieux gérer leurs ressources, les amoureux des îles enfin, et tous les rêveurs sur cartes.

L'esperienza della municipalizzazione delle case popolari nell'Italia giolittiana permette di focalizzare gli estremi di una parabola che approdò al riconoscimento delle problematiche abitative quale questione di interesse collettivo. La genesi dell'housing sociale si disperde pertanto nel complesso di iniziative che è stato possibile ricostruire nel supporto di uno straordinario corpus di documenti d'archivio, indagato nell'egida dei provvedimenti legislativi in materia di case popolari e municipalizzazione varati nel corso del 1903, vero e proprio termine spartiacque per gli sviluppi di tale vicenda. Sullo sfondo del combinato disposto scaturito dalle due normative si dipana infatti il filo rosso dell'intera narrazione, un viaggio che si muove attraverso frammenti di esperienze locali, riflessi di microstoria aggregati in un articolato mosaico fondato sul collante della municipalizzazione, lasciando trasparire il preludio di una fase di rottura in grado di liberare i prodromi dell'odierno welfare state.

Published