Open Access Books

The first monograph devoted to the legal status of religious minorities status accorded to dimmī-s ( Jews and Christians) in the Muslim law in the medieval Muslim west (the Maghreb and Muslim Spain). The articles in this volume provide numerous examples of the richness and complexity of interreligious relations in Medieval Islam and the reactions of jurists to those relations. The studies brought together in this volume provide an important contribution to the history of ḏimmī-s in the medieval dār al-islām, and more generally to the legal history of religious minorities in medieval societies. The central question addressed is the legal status accorded to ḏimmī-s (Jews and Christians) in the Muslim law in the medieval Muslim west (the Maghreb and Muslim Spain). The scholars whose work is brought together in these pages have dealt with a rich and complex variety of legal sources. Many of the texts are from the Mālikī legal tradition; they include fiqh, fatwā-s, ḥisba manuals. These texts function as the building blocks of the legal framework in which jurists and rulers of Maghrebi and Peninsular societies worked. The very richness and complexity of these texts, as well as the variety of responses that they solicited, refute the textbook idea of a monolithic ḏimmī system, supposedly based on the Pact of ‘Umar, applied throughout the Muslim world. In fact when one looks closely at the early legal texts or chronicles from both the Mashreq and the Maghreb, there is little evidence for a standard, uniform ḏimmī system, but rather a wide variety of local adaptations. The articles in this volume provide numerous examples of the richness and complexity of interreligious relations in Medieval Islam and the reactions of jurists to those relations.

After visiting Russia in 1921, the journalist Lincoln Steffens famously declared, ”I have seen the future, and it works.” Steffens referred to the social experiment of technological utopianism he found in the Soviet Union, where subway cars and farm tractors would carry the worker and peasant—figuratively and literally—into the twentieth century. Believing that socialism and technology together created a brave new world, Boleslaw Bierut of Poland and Kim Il Sung of North Korea—and other leaders—joined Russia’s Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky in embracing big technology with a verve and conviction that rivaled the western world's.Paul R. Josephson here explores these utopian visions of technology—and their unanticipated human and environmental costs. He examines the role of technology in communist plans and policies and the interplay between ideology and technological development. He shows that while technology was a symbol of regime legitimacy and an engine of progress, the changes it spurred were not unequivocally positive. Instead of achieving a worker’s paradise, socialist technologies exposed the proletariat to dangerous machinery and deadly pollution; rather than freeing women from exploitation in family and labor, they paradoxically created for them the dual—and exhausting—burdens of mother and worker. The future did not work. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of communism’s self-proclaimed glorious quest to "reach and surpass" the West. Josephson’s intriguing study of how technology both helped and hindered this effort asks new and important questions about the crucial issues inextricably linked with the development and diffusion of technology in any sociopolitical system.

On considère souvent que le xixe siècle a vu la naissance de la « civilisation du journal ». C’est ignorer l’importance quantitative et qualitative de la presse périodique du xviiie siècle et les études importantes qui lui ont été consacrées depuis une trentaine d’années. Cet ouvrage entend montrer que non seulement les journaux du xviiie siècle n’étaient pas prisonniers de pratiques archaïques et sclérosées, mais qu’ils présentaient des traits d’une modernité qui les rend aujourd’hui plus pertinents à certains égards que ceux du siècle suivant. En effet, tandis que de nos jours le modèle du grand quotidien d’information, produit à grands frais par de nombreux journalistes et reporters, semble péricliter, un modèle plus ancien s’impose à nouveau – sur Internet notamment : celui de la petite entreprise animée par une équipe réduite, qui recueille et habille des informations produites par d’autres et fait appel à une communauté de contributeurs bénévoles. Les études rassemblées dans ce livre proposent, à travers des exemples tirés de la presse anglaise, française et espagnole, une exploration originale des nouvelles formes journalistiques qui émergent alors, du courrier des lecteurs à la rubrique nécro­logique, tandis qu’apparaissent les premières « campagnes de presse », dont la querelle très médiatisée entre Rousseau et Voltaire.

Today, healthcare hospitals have increasingly efficient systems for the diagnosis, treatment, and recovery of people with diverse health needs. This development is due to both clinical advances and the implementation of technologies that allow for greater access and higher quality services. However, in recent years, healthcare systems worldwide have faced new financial and organizational challenges reflected in work overload, long working hours, low pay for healthcare personnel, and difficulties accessing and supporting family members and companions, among other factors. These challenges have contributed to the dehumanization evident in the healthcare sector. Therefore, to more fully understand the effects of this problem on the quality of life and well-being of communities, it is essential to examine the concept of humanization, the roles of users and healthcare personnel, and the challenges and opportunities for transforming healthcare services into more humanized environments.

The essay intends to examine the comparative approach adopted since the beginning of Slavic studies in Italy, in particular by scholars such as Giovanni Maver, Ettore Lo Gatto and Arturo Cronia who succeeded each other teaching Slavic Philology at the University of Padua. The European reference models of those studies are also highlighted.

Cet ouvrage collectif est le fruit de deux journées d'études organisées par le Centre d'histoire et de recherche sur la Résistance. De jeunes chercheurs y réfléchissent, à partir de cas pratiques, aux problèmes épistémologiques et méthodologiques que pose l'écriture de l'histoire : Comment un objet de recherche se construit-il et se saisit-il ? Que faire lorsque la définition de ses contours se dérobe au fur et à mesure que l'enquête avance ? Comment composer avec l'abondance, l'absence ou le caractère parfois éminemment biaisé des sources ? Les auteurs ont accepté de mettre au pot commun les écueils, interrogations, doutes qui sont le lot de tous les chercheurs et de les placer délibérément au centre de la réflexion afin qu'ils puissent être discutés. Qu'on étudie la désobéissance pionnière autour de la nébuleuse du musée de l'Homme (Julien Blanc), l'histoire du Bureau central de renseignement et d'action (Sébastien Albertelli), les métamorphoses des « vichysto-résistants » (Johanna Barasz), les déportations de répression (Thomas Fontaine), les relations de la société corse avec la Résistance (Sylvain Gregori), les rapports entre la gendarmerie et le corps social (Emmanuel Chevet) ou les composantes d'une identité résistante (Cécile Vast), ce sont bien en effet des questionnements voisins et croisés qui surgissent. De ce point de vue, les contributions réunies dans ce volume vont bien au-delà du champ de l'histoire de la Résistance et seront susceptibles d'intéresser ceux que l'écriture de l'histoire intrigue et d'aider chercheurs de toutes périodes et de toutes thématiques. Il s'agit – ce qui n'est pas si simple – de permettre à chacun de mettre en lumière ce qui est d'ordinaire relégué dans la pénombre, à savoir les doutes, incertitudes, appréhensions qui s'attachent à tout projet de longue haleine.

In recent years, the federal government’s increasing inability to address major societal challenges has arguably hampered America’s commitment to renewable energy initiatives. Individual U.S. states have stepped into this void and adopted their own policies, leading some to believe that the states can propel America’s renewable energy industry forward. However, we know little about how legislative and regulatory dynamics within America’s states might accelerate or hinder renewable energy policy creation. In Following in Footsteps or Marching Alone?, Srinivas Parinandi explores how states have devised their own novel policies, and how the political workings of legislatures and public utilities commissions have impacted state renewable energy policy design. Through the meticulous study of nearly three decades of state-level renewable energy policy-making, he finds that their creation is primarily driven by legislatures, and that ideologically liberal legislatures largely push the envelope. The book suggests that having a predominantly state-driven renewable energy effort can lead to uneven and patchwork-based policy development outcomes, and a possible solution is to try to more successfully federalize these issues. Parinandi urges readers, scholars, and policy practitioners to consider whether a state-led effort is adequate enough to handle the task of building momentum for renewable energy in one of the world’s largest electricity markets.

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This volume examines how Chinese women negotiate the Internet as a research tool and a strategy for the acquisition of information, as well as for social networking purposes. Offering insight into the complicated creation of a female Chinese cybercommunity, Chinese Women and the Cyberspace discusses the impact of increasingly available Internet technology on the life and lifestyle of Chinese women-examining larger issues of how women become both masters of their electronic domain and the objects of exploitation in a faceless online world. University of Hong Kong. This title is available in the OAPEN Library - http://www.oapen.org.

By examining in-depth the content, form, and language of his prose from 1910 to 1920, this dissertation establishes that Sternheim’s prose, in its rejection of the bourgeois ideal of reality and personality, and the mimetic principle of art, exhibits stylistic and structural characteristics that make it one of the relevant texts of Expressionist Modernism.

Unsanitary conditions in the Old Nichol were frequently invoked as a threat to public health and a justification for the clearance scheme that the area was undergoing at the end of the nineteenth century. A Child of the Jago follows these contemporary discourses by bracketing together the neighborhood’s insalubrious state with the moral character of its residents. Yet many social investigators made a point of countering these common depictions of the Old Nichol’s inhabitants. This chapter explores how journalism and social investigation in the 1880s and 1890s attempted to influence the neighborhood’s reputation as physically and morally corrupt and infectious.

A constant pressure system with discrete pressure potentials is investigated for efficient actuation of hydraulic cylinders. These pressure potentials are created using an intermediate pressure line. Two switch valves can combine high- intermediate- and tank pressure in order to enable multiple pressure potentials at the controlling porportional valve.

This long-awaited volume is the first edited collection to focus entirely on Hip Hop in Australia. Bringing together both scholarly and practitioner perspectives, across 11 chapters, contributors explore the diversity of identities, communities, practices, and expressions that make-up Hip Hop in Australia, including Emceeing/ music production, Graffiti and Breaking. The theoretical and methodological frameworks used include ethnographic and autoethnographic research and writing, discourse analysis, Indigenous methodologies, textual analysis and archival research. Some authors present their contributions in academic chapters, while others use creative formats. The book showcases how Hip Hop is understood and lived across numerous settings in Australia, making important contributions to global Hip Hop studies and scholarship in related fields such as popular music, youth culture and First Nations Studies. It will prove essential reading for students, academics, and practitioners interested in Hip Hop, social justice, popular culture, music and dance in Australia.

Animal welfare has become a topic of serious discussion worldwide. Humane breeding has become an issue that has been given international attention in recent years. However, many people are still very unfamiliar with this concept. The foundation of humane feeding is based on AW. The main appeal is to allow animals to have five freedoms. When animal feeding meets these conditions, it can be regarded as meeting the basic requirements of humane feeding. The basis for the sustainable implementation of humane breeding is actually consumers. If consumers do not support the concept of humane feeding and do not agree with the price difference that should be paid for the production of humane products, then producers have no resources to put humane concepts into the production process. Therefore, only when consumers pay attention to humane production in terms of consumer behavior, more producers are willing to raise livestock and poultry in a humane way. As long as the insistence of both consumers and producers is satisfied, animals can be treated better.

Beyond Human Resources - Research Paths Towards a New Understanding of Workforce Management Within Organizations is a concise and pragmatic book about new trends and future lines in human resource management (HRM). It provides an overview of those crucial topics defining today’s HR function. It includes nine chapters offering a framework about urgent HR challenges and lines of actions to understand how HR adapts and innovates to face new organizational realities. This volume is a useful resource for graduate students in the HR discipline.