Open Access Books

Medical and philosophical theories of generation from the classical world are often classified according to whether the female as well as the male produces ‘seed’, the fluid substance which does the most important work in procreation. Aristotle is usually identified as the most influential proponent of the ‘one-seed model’, while Galen champions the ‘two-seed’ cause, and the debate between them continues to matter for centuries. At stake here is not just theoretical efficiency – how well the full complexities of parental resemblance are accounted for by the contending notions, for example — but also, it has been suggested, politics and patriarchy. Two seeds are better, more egalitarian, than one: the female role in generation is more positively valued in this model. This chapter will argue that, not only this characterisation, but the division itself, is misleading: particularly if viewed from a fluid perspective. Another way must be found to understand the key concepts involved in these foundational ancient debates about human procreation.

The thesis deals with the question of why no international legally binding instrument for forest policy exists so far. The thesis shows that the problem definition presents a form of control for the decision making process and for the problem solution. Therefore, it is demonstrated how locations, reports and non-human objects are related to the development of international forest policy within United Nations. In the development of international forest policy, the policy problem was framed as "deforestation and degradation of tropical forests". In the second phase of policy formulation, the "deforestation and degradation of all forests" moves to the centre of interests. The thesis analyses furthermore the formation of meaning of the policy narratives that are intertwined with international forest policy. The identification of global environmental discourses that transfer a certain kind of meaning of policy and of problem solution, that operate with discursive practices and technologies of power, and that use rhetorical devices, allows to show which rules and practices influence how natural resource policy arises. In this way it can be shown how policy problems come into being and how they are understood. Furthermore, it allows identifying policy change in a non-decision-making process.

Die Untersuchung widmet sich der Frage, wie sich die Biografien von Menschen gestalten, deren Familien über Generationen hinweg in Armut verbleiben. Dazu gibt sie detaillierte Einblicke in das Leben von Familien im ALG II-Bezug und spürt rekonstruktiv den individuellen Zusammenhängen der sozialen Reproduktion von Armut nach. Es zeigt sich, dass die Art und Weise wie die interviewten Familien mit Armut umgehen von einer Vielzahl miteinander verwobener biografischer Strukturaspekt abhängig ist.

What do people mean when they talk about the sound pattern of a language—what linguists call phonology? This book explores that question in a hands-on way, with a focus on applying the knowledge in language revitalization and community language work. The book introduces basic ideas and analytic strategies using examples from Indigenous languages across North and South America. Short comprehension checks invite you to test your understanding, and language explorations encourage you to apply what you’ve learned to build your own description of the sound pattern of your language. Throughout, the book takes a practical approach to phonological analysis, not a theoretical approach. The book is designed to be accessible to community members and others without formal linguistic training who are engaged in or preparing for community language work. It is also appropriate for linguistics students and researchers in the early stages of their education about phonology or needing a quick refresher or reference on basic phonological analysis. Each chapter looks at one key concept, starting with language sounds and how they are made, how words are built, and how communities vary in their use of language. Other topics include the sounds specific to a language and how they are put together into words of that language, both in terms of sequences and in terms of syllables. The culmination is an exploration of how sound sequences and word building interact so that the words follow the general sound patterns of the language. Each chapter ends with some ideas about how to incorporate the topic of the chapter in community language work. The goal with each discussion is to help you both to understand each idea and to learn how to use it to describe or analyze a the way sounds work in a language. Importantly, the book also includes suggestions on tailoring your reading to your own goals, offering pointers on which sections you might skip and which ones could be especially useful for you.

This volume brings together 8 previously unpublished papers dealing with various modes of allocating jointly consumable goods (i.e. public goods). The issues covered range from voluntary contributions and price exclusion (market allocation) to positive and normative analyses of different political allocation procedures for public goods. Given this wide spectrum of allocative schemes for public goods there does not seem to be an easy and clear-cut message from modern public-goods theory to public allocation policy.

This open access book explores the ‘polycrisis’ currently affecting nearly all nations by exploring key themes such as multilateralism and globalization from the perspective of think tanks from nearly every continent, searching for various solutions to the ills that currently plague the world and a way to create a future in which everyone benefits. As China’s preeminent non-governmental think tank, the Center for China and Globalization (CCG) has invited 30 leading figures from the global think tank community to sift through the myriad layers of multilateralism and global governance and provide a contextual analysis of major themes both from a theoretical and practical perspective, focusing on China in detail, but alsoexamining the world as a whole. Think tanks are essential in analyzing current trends and providing potential solutions that aid governments, international organizations and business in finding solutions that are beneficial to all. As a key source of innovative ideas, they have become even more valuable today as the pace of change accelerates, geopolitical complexity increases and the world has to deal with global crises that no country can address on their own. A common, central theme through all of the 25 essays in this book is the need for a more universal, inclusive and multilateral approach to reforming global governance. It is our hope that the views of the experts from think tanks and other non-governmental organizations in this compilation will provide valuable insights to help heal the gaps in our fragmented world.

This book is in commemoration of the composer, educator, conductor and social worker Magnar Åm’s 70th birthday. Right from the start of work as a composer, music as a form of recognition has been central, along with an impulse to disrupt boundaries between established forms and conventions. This has also been a guiding principle behind the contributions to this anthology, where the goal has not only been to honor one individual, but to be a source of new insight. Music and literature are about the creation and dissemination of meaning. In this sense, it is paradoxical to talk about silence as a hallmark of certain art forms. But anyone who reads or listens actively knows that there is more to be gained from art than what lies in the immediate and explicit expression. The voice (in a broad sense) finds its complimentary opposite in silence. The first part of the anthology provides a brief theoretical background for interdisciplinary research into music and literature. The contributions that follow do not view artworks simply as finished products, but as parts of a living practice in which the composer, author, music, text, performer and audience all meet. In the next part, we are drawn into the workshops of composers and musicians who reflect on the music of Magnar Åm, as well as their own in light of this. In the final part, we cross the border between art and other forms of experience, with eudaimonia as a unifying concept: How should one live a complete and meaningful life? This book has been written by researchers in a variety of fields such as literature, music, natural science and outdoor life, as well as practicing artists: composers, musicians and writers. Between research and art, through scientific articles and professional essays, a conversation arises that engenders recognition across fixed boundaries.

Daniel Barton entwickelt auf Grundlage theoretischer Rahmenmodelle hinsichtlich emotionaler und motivationaler Faktoren von Lernprozessen ein Unterrichtsprojekt im Rahmen des Mathematikunterrichts der Sekundarstufe I. In dieser Lernumgebung produzieren Schülerinnen und Schüler der neunten Jahrgangsstufe des Gymnasiums Erklärvideos zu geometrischen Körpern. In einer umfassenden Studie untersucht der Autor den Einfluss der Lernumgebung auf emotionale und motivationale Faktoren sowie die Lernentwicklung in diesem mathematischen Themengebiet. Die Befunde weisen auf eine erhöhtes intrinsische Motivation innerhalb dieser Lernumgebung sowie positive Auswirkungen auf das emotionale Erleben im Mathematikunterricht hin. Dies ist ein Open-Access-Buch.

Dieses Buch untersucht die Anordnungen der Menschenrechtsgerichtshöfe zur Reform von innerstaatlichen Gesetzen. In dieser umfassenden Studie über gesetzgeberische Rechtsfolgemaßnahmen wird die Praxis der drei regionalen Menschenrechtsgerichtshöfe vergleichend analysiert und normativ bewertet. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob diese Rechtsfolgemaßnahmen eine Besonderheit der Menschenrechtsgerichtsbarkeit sind, wann und wie sie eingesetzt werden und welche Folgen sie haben. Das Buch zeigt dabei, dass die Verwendung von gesetzgeberischen Rechtsfolgemaßnahmen das Selbstverständnis der einzelnen Menschenrechtsgerichtshöfe widerspiegelt, sowie auch den Kontext, in dem sie tätig sind, und ihre sich entwickelnde Rolle in den jeweiligen Regionen.

V nastojaščej rabote rassmatrivaetsja istorija russkoj grammatičeskoj tradicii. Eta istorija svjazana s prosvetitel'skimi i religioznymi missijami Zapada v slavjanskoj Evrope. U načala tradicii - perevod latinskoj škol'noj grammatiki Donata na cerkovnoslavjanskij, vypolnennyj v konce 15-go v. v drevnem Novgorode...

The plant toxin ricin is one of the most potent and lethal substances known. Due to its wide availability and the ease of production, ricin has been exploited as an agent of bioterrorism and biological warfare and is classified as a level B threat. Tons of ricin are produced annually worldwide as a by-product of castor oil, leading to exposure. Currently, there is no proven safe treatment for ricin intoxication. Ricin consists of an active A subunit (RTA) covalently linked to a cell binding B subunit (RTB). RTA depurinates a universally conserved adenine in the sarcin–ricin loop (SRL) of the large rRNA and inhibits protein synthesis. RTA-antibody complexes have been explored as immunotoxins against cancer cells. The articles published in this book address the history of ricin research, how ricin enters cells and traffics to the ribosome, how it inactivates ribosomes, how it induces inflammatory signaling pathways and programmed cell death, the design of therapies against ricin intoxication, and innovative assays for ricin detection.

How did the lives of those who were persecuted change under Nazi rule? In 1939, an unusual Harvard University prize competition posed this question and collected over 180 essays from emigrants from Nazi Germany as well as Austria. To this day, the corpus of material remains largely unexplored. Detlef Garz is the first to dedicate himself comprehensively to the prize competition, focusing on the life stories of the participants: experiences of life before 1933, suffering, resistance, the emigration that took place between 1933 and 1939, and the arrival and 're-establishment' in the country of emigration. He thus establishes a foundation, both for the exploration of the autobiographical documents and for the understanding of some (exemplary) life courses as well as the concept of (moral) disavowal.

The Asian Yearbook of International Law is a major refereed publication dedicated to international law issues as seen primarily from an Asian perspective. Readership: Academics and practitioners who deal with international public law in Asia will appreciate this unique, complete resource. The Asian Yearbook of International Law provides insight into Asian views and practices, especially for non-Asian readers, and also promotes the dissemination of knowledge of international law in Asia.

Os textos que compõem esta obra analisam importantes temas na área da Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem. Abordam diferentes aspectos e faixas etárias, tais como: estímulos textuais e palavra digitada na infância; variáveis demográficas e desenvolvimento infantil de crianças contaminadas por chumbo; treinamento de habilidades sociais em pré-escolares; contato físico em pré-escolares nas interações e relações sociais; percepções de mães e crianças sobre as relações familiares permeadas por violência sexual do pai contra a filha; conceito de família segundo adolescentes de zona rural e urbana; estereótipos sexuais no discurso de mães na educação de seus filhos; a relação entre ex-cônjuges e entre pais e filhos após a separação conjugal; processos de ensino e de aprendizagem profissionais da docência nas séries iniciais; concepções dos professores do ensino fundamental sobre TDAH. Os estudos são embasados em tratamentos metodológicos atualizados e discutem questões relevantes sobre processos de desenvolvimento humano em face dos avanços da pesquisa cientifica.