Open Access Books

The second volume of the Young Sustainability Law research network focuses on key aspects of the sustainability concept and its practical legal implementation. Critical perspectives on existing sustainability concepts in law are presented and discussed. It explores the extent to which the imprecise sustainability claim can be given concrete contours in material law and enforcement power at the application level, so that law can act as a driver of transformation towards a sustainable society. With contributions by Lisa Beer | Franziska Berg | Nora Brück | Dr. Andreas Buser | Charlotte Duhnkrack, LL.M. | Dr. Justus Duhnkrack | Prof. Dr. Katharina Gelbrich | Dr. Jennifer Grafe, LL.M. | Carolin Heinzel | Leonie Heuer | Jannis Krüßmann | Prof. Dr. Sarah Legner | Dr. Nina Schrott | David Schwarz

Este libro pretende describir y explicar las condiciones mediante las cuales Colombia consiguió anudar sólidamente su economía al mercado mundial convirtiéndose en un importante monoexportador de un producto típico de la agricultura tropical, el café, y al mismo tiempo señalar los amplios efectos de tal integración en la conformación de la Colombia contemporánea.

Human beings experience a world of objects: bounded entities that occupy space and persist through time. Our actions are directed toward objects, and our language describes objects. We categorize objects into kinds that have different typical properties and behaviors. We regard some kinds of objects – each other, for example – as animate agents capable of independent experience and action, while we regard other kinds of objects as inert. We re-identify objects, immediately and without conscious deliberation, after days or even years of non-observation, and often following changes in the features, locations, or contexts of the objects being re-identified. Comparative, developmental and adult observations using a variety of approaches and methods have yielded a detailed understanding of object detection and recognition by the visual system and an advancing understanding of haptic and auditory information processing. Many fundamental questions, however, remain unanswered. What, for example, physically constitutes an “object”? How do specific, classically-characterizable object boundaries emerge from the physical dynamics described by quantum theory, and can this emergence process be described independently of any assumptions regarding the perceptual capabilities of observers? How are visual motion and feature information combined to create object information? How are the object trajectories that indicate persistence to human observers implemented, and how are these trajectory representations bound to feature representations? How, for example, are point-light walkers recognized as single objects? How are conflicts between trajectory-driven and feature-driven identifications of objects resolved, for example in multiple-object tracking situations? Are there separate “what” and “where” processing streams for haptic and auditory perception? Are there haptic and/or auditory equivalents of the visual object file? Are there equivalents of the visual object token? How are object-identification conflicts between different perceptual systems resolved? Is the common assumption that “persistent object” is a fundamental innate category justified? How does the ability to identify and categorize objects relate to the ability to name and describe them using language? How are features that an individual object had in the past but does not have currently represented? How are categorical constraints on how objects move or act represented, and how do such constraints influence categorization and the re-identification of individuals? How do human beings re-identify objects, including each other, as persistent individuals across changes in location, context and features, even after gaps in observation lasting months or years? How do human capabilities for object categorization and re-identification over time relate to those of other species, and how do human infants develop these capabilities? What can modeling approaches such as cognitive robotics tell us about the answers to these questions? Primary research reports, reviews, and hypothesis and theory papers addressing questions relevant to the understanding of perceptual object segmentation, categorization and individual identification at any scale and from any experimental or modeling perspective are solicited for this Research Topic. Papers that review particular sets of issues from multiple disciplinary perspectives or that advance integrative hypotheses or models that take data from multiple experimental approaches into account are especially encouraged.

Les articles, préfaces et conférences ici réunis sont les chroniques d’une réflexion engagée depuis 2003 sur les idées et les écrits de George Orwell. Cette recherche s’est développée principalement selon trois axes. (1) Le penseur politique. Sur les relations entre liberté et vérité, les mécanismes du contrôle des esprits, la « décence commune » comme ressort fondamental de l’action, l’importance décisive des expériences politiques et du langage permettant de les dire, ou la critique des for...

This open access title presents atmospheric simulation chambers as effective tools for atmospheric chemistry research. State-of-the-art simulation chambers provide unprecedented opportunities for atmospheric scientists to perform experiments that address the most important questions in air quality and climate research. The book covers technical details about chamber preparation and practical guidelines on their usage, while also delivering relevant historical and contextual information. It not only serves as a key publication for knowledge transfer within the simulation chamber research community, but it also provides the global atmospheric science community with a unique resource that outlines best practice for the operation of simulation chambers. The authors summarize the latest advances in chamber interoperability and standard protocols in order to provide the research community and the next generations of scientists with a unique technical reference guide for the use of simulation chambers. The volume will be of great interest to researchers and graduates working in the fields of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences.

Drawing on the experience of the author, this textbook focuses on pedagogy that guides students through the facts regarding dark matter, but also encourages questions and critical examination of what is known, through thought-provoking exercises under the heading “How about…?” in each chapter. Each chapter includes learning outcomes, discussion questions and classroom exercises. The book guides students through the first challenges in galactic astrophysics that led to the hypothesis of dark matter; the subsequent detailed studies of large-scale structure and cosmic microwave background that unequivocally identifies this component as a fundamental one; and the latest developments in our understanding of galaxy formation. The material can be used as the main textbook for a dedicated module on dark matter. It can also be adopted to support a general course on extragalactic astrophysics and cosmology. Praise for Fundamentals of Dark Matter 'The nature of dark matter is one of major outstanding questions in astrophysics and Ignacio Ferreras provides a clear and thorough overview of the fundamental aspects of the field. The text contains formal exercises to test comprehension of the material but also more thought-provoking 'How about..?' questions that deepen the reader's understanding. This book is an ideal introduction to an exciting and dynamic area of research and I recommend it highly for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students.' Rosemary Wyse, Johns Hopkins University 'This textbook offers an accessible introduction to one of the most intriguing topics in astrophysics. With a focus on foundational concepts, Ferreras provides readers with the essential tools to understand the basics of dark matter research, making this book a valuable resource for students and anyone beginning their journey into this fascinating field.' Gianfranco Bertone, University of Amsterdam

The broad title "Kirche im Wandel" (Church in Change) of the first volume of the new series “Sakralraumtransformationen” (Sacred Space Transformations) is the programme: While in many cases the focus is on the question of what variants of use are available for church buildings that have been deconsecrated, here the focus is on reflection on experiences with transformations and perspectives regarding the presence of religious communities in the societies of Germany and other European countries. In this context, sacred buildings have a special significance as public representatives and bearers of diverse functions and, in the course of their transformation or disappearance, are indicators of processes of social change. As cultural assets and often also as spatial landmarks relevant to urban development, they by no means belong only to the respective congregations or communities, but to society as a whole. Developing them further and thus preserving them is a task that not only the Christian congregations, but also as many responsible people as possible in politics, business and culture have to face. The DFG research group on the transformation of sacred space (TRANSARA) deals with these processes from an interdisciplinary perspective and presents here the results of its first annual conference, which served to confirm the status quo in dialogue with experts from different fields of expertise and whose results should contribute to a perspective orientation.

Milk is a nutritious food item with various beneficial properties and has a long tradition in nutrition, having been part of human diet for thousands of years. The composition of milk varies among different species, and milk quality is affected by several factors, i.e., season, climate, feeding management, and stage of lactation, as well as heat-treatments and technological processes. Milk is a valuable source of bioactive components and its role and function in human diet has been increasingly investigated by epidemiological and experimental studies. Consumption of milk is influenced by several variables, i.e., sex, age, ethnicity, and other cultural factors, and specific recommendations vary from country to country. This book includes original researches and review papers, and provides an overview of the nutritional composition and profile of the bioactive components of milk, its variation, and its impact on human diet.

Beginning in 1963 and continuing through the late 1980s, a loose coterie of like-minded Canadian poets challenged the conventions of writing and poetic meaning by fusing their practice with strategies from visual art, sound art, sculpture, installation, and performance. They called it “borderblur.” Borderblur Poetics traces the emergence and proliferation of this node of poetic activity, an avant-garde movement comprising concrete poetry, sound poetry, and kinetic poetry, practiced by poets and artists like bpNichol, bill bissett, Judith Copithorne, Steve McCaffery, Penn Kemp, Ann Rosenberg, Gerry Shikatani, Shaunt Basmajian, among others. Author Eric Schmaltz demonstrates how these poets formed an alternative tradition, one that embraced intermediality to challenge the hegemony of Canadian literature established during the heydays of cultural nationalism. He shows the importance of intermediality as a driving cultural force and how its proliferation significantly altered Canadian cultural expression. Drawing on a combination of archival research, historical analysis, and literary criticism, Borderblur Poetics adds significant nuance to theories and criticisms of Canadian literature.

El examén al estudio de Toynbee, desde el punto de vista de la teoría social sistemática, se propone señalar qué aspectos de su oba son válidos a la luz de dicha teoría y por qué direcciones trascienden de ella. Como parte de esta crítica y evaluación se agrupara junto a Toynbee la labor de otros cultivadores modernos de la ciencia social, especialmete los trabajos de Max Webber y el sistema de sociología Wiese-Becker, según aparece expuesto en la sociología sistemática, en una tentativa de llevar una cuenta aproximada de créditos y débitos por partida triple. Por este medio se espera lograr una apresiación esacta de la aportación de Toynbee a la teoría social

By examining the dynamic interplay between discourses of fiction and medicine, Novel Medicine demonstrates how fiction incorporated, created, and disseminated medical knowledge in China, beginning in the sixteenth century. Critical readings of fictional and medical texts provide a counterpoint to prevailing narratives that focus only on the “literati” aspects of the novel, showing that these texts were not merely read, but were used by a wide variety of readers for a range of purposes. The intersection of knowledge—fictional and real, elite and vernacular—illuminates the history of reading and daily life and challenges us to rethink the nature of Chinese literature.

Formalised procedures to obtain and document informed consent from research participants are at the heart of the shift from informal to formalised research ethics. Critiques claim that the requirements to obtain consent from all potential participants before the onset of a study will make it impossible to do ethnographic research and participant observation in institutional settings such as schools. Drawing on experiences from an ethnographic research project in secondary schools in Norway, the aim of this chapter is to discuss the ethical considerations and, embedded in these, the methodological and analytical challenges involved in doing participant observation in schools where not all pupils and parents have consented to participation in the research. The chapter suggests possible ways forward for tackling these challenges for ethnographic researchers working in schools.

The articles collected focused on the construction of delivery systems aiming at enhancing the physicochemical stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity of active lipids and liposoluble ingredients, as well as flavor retention and slow release, and its potential application in the development of functional foods with different phase states and suitable for the physiopathological characteristics of different populations. A growing application of lipids and liposoluble ingredients are emerging in functional foods, such as beverages, meal replacement powders, and foods with special medical purpose. Liposoluble ingredients including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), phytosterols (esters), carotenoids, polyphenols, and liposoluble vitamins, play an important role in balancing the insufficient nutrient intake and occurrence of chronic diseases. However, a critical challenge for their efficient and rational application arises due to the properties of strong hydrophobicity, easy oxidation, unpleasant flavor, and adverse interaction with other components. The construction, perfection, and regulation of lipid delivery system are of great significance for overcoming the challenge.

The research that has been carried out in the Lafões/Caramulo area (central-northern Portugal) has made it possible to acquire new data on the formation of medieval territories in a mountainous area. The present paper uses data from written documentation and archaeological data to make a first approach to the study of the of the formation processes of village territories and the different-scale sociopolitical processes that were behind these processes. The focus of this study are two medieval parishes which occupy the most mountainous areas of the present-day municipality of Vouzela. The available data show significant differences between the two, particularly in the configuration of the settlement and its dynamics over time. While in one the settlement areas are quite stable, the other records changes in the settlement structure, with new foundations and abandonments throughout the Middle Ages. As far as it is possible to understand, these differences are fundamentally correlated with the actors who played in each of these territories. In fact, it was social differences of local scales which were mainly responsible for these differences in the definition of territories, ownership of rural properties, size of plots, settlement patterns and surely socio-economic practices. Micro-scale politics have determined different histories and settlement features.

"The series “Russia and the Asia-Pacific” explores political, economic, social, cultural and environmental interactions of the Russian Far East within its Asian-Pacific context as well as with the Russian capital in the past and present. Its first volume addresses from a multidisciplinary perspective notably the following questions: How were and are directives from a centre thousands of kilometers away perceived and implemented by actors in this region? To which extent was and is the centre successful or how did or does it fail in integrating a region as far away from the centre as the Russian Far East in its state structures? How have notions of “centre” and “periphery” changed over time?