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When faced with a difficult task, people often look at the sky or close their eyes. This behavior is functional: the reduction of distractions in the environment can improve performance on cognitive tasks, including memory retrieval. Reduction of visual distractions can be operationalized through eye-closure, gaze aversion, or by comparing exposure to simple and complex visual displays, respectively. Reduction of auditory distractions is typically examined by comparing performance under quiet and noisy conditions. Theoretical reasoning regarding this phenomenon draws on various psychological principles, including embodied cognition, cognitive load, and modality-specific interference. Practical applications of the research topic are diverse. For example, the findings could be used to improve performance in forensic settings (e.g., eyewitness testimony), educational settings (e.g., exam performance), occupational settings (e.g., employee productivity), or medical settings (e.g., medical history reporting). This Research Topic welcomes articles from all areas of psychology relating to the reduction of distractions to improve task performance. Articles can address (but are not limited to) new empirical findings, comprehensive reviews, theoretical frameworks, opinion pieces, or discussions of practical applications.

Elsaco de Roma es el suceso que da sustancia al Diálogo de Lactancio y un arcidiano, un acontecimiento terrible desde el punto de vista humano, y una convulsión extraordinaria para la Europa de 1530 en los terrenos político, religioso y cultural. Se analiza el trasfondo de los hechos y su recreación literaria en el texto valdesiano, considerado no sólo como versión oficial de los hechos sino como programa político y religioso. Asimismo, se estudia este texto como ficción literaria en todos sus aspectos centrales: piezas preliminares, deuda con la literatura de pasquines y la tradición de Luciano, el marco de la conversación y la caracterización de los interlocutores, la lengua dialogal y las complejas técnicas argumentativas que hacen de esta obra una cima de la literatura dialogada del Renacimiento. Se completa el estudio con una amplia muestra antológica de la literatura noticiera generada por el saco de Roma (literaturas española, italiana, alemana y francesa).

Au sortir de la seconde guerre mondiale, le territoire normand et le Land de Basse-Saxe, dont les principales villes ont été sinistrées (Le Havre, Rouen, Caen, Hanovre, Osnabrück, Brunswick...), sont confrontés à des défis de reconstruction qui dépassent la seule question de la reconstitution du parc immobilier et des orientations architecturales. Les implications politiques, sociales mais aussi identitaires des choix opérés dans l'après-guerre connaissent des prolongements jusqu'à nos jours, ajoutant à l'histoire des destructions et des reconstructions une dimension patrimoniale et mémorielle. Cet ouvrage franco-allemand et pluridisciplinaire, qui s'inscrit dans la continuité des recherches européennes récentes tout en s'appuyant sur la coopération entre la région Haute-Normandie et le Land de Basse-Saxe, place au cœur de ses approches la représentation de l'espace urbain et son évolution. Abondamment illustré, il s'adresse tant à la communauté scientifique qu'à un large public soucieux de connaître et de s'approprier ce patrimoine aux multiples facettes.

The Kapingamarangi lexicon is designed for use by the Kapinga in their own classrooms as a teaching resource, by comparative linguists interested in Polynesian languages, and as an aid for those learning Kapinga. The lexicon presents an exhaustive list of 6,000 root words and their use in deriving words, compounds, and phrases. An introduction delineates the rules of word structure in the Kapinga language in simple, nontechnical English with explanatory footnotes in Kapinga. In addition, the introduction includes material directed primarily to linguists dealing with such problems as word classes, problems of reduplication, and the like. The lexicon itself is arranged in three listings: Kapingamarangi-English, English-Kapingamarangi, and by root words, demonstrating how they are systematically derived and compounded.

The first volume in a series dedicated to cities and urban processes in West Asia and Egypt, this collection of essays offers an exploration of West Asian history and society as seen through the lens of urbanization. Drawing together scholarship from historians, architectural historians, and archaeologists, the essays gathered here examine the development of cities and urban societies in the region from the Sasanian and early Islamic periods up to modern times. The up-to-date and advanced analyses presented within the volume explore the societies that inhabited these urban landscapes and shed light on noteworthy cities of West Asia and its surroundings, including Egypt, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Through this approach, theGlimpses into Urbanity and Community in Mediaeval to Modern West Asia and Egypt authors examine not just the shapes, formations, and characteristics of urban centres, but also the economic and social structures that developed within them and gave shape to their communities.

This reprint compiles 30 high-quality research and review articles and one editorial focused on emerging challenges and advances in experimental and translational cancer research. The contributions span key areas such as the tumor microenvironment, mechanisms of drug resistance, identification of novel molecular targets, and strategies for enhancing treatment efficacy—including immunotherapy and targeted approaches. Drawn from four MDPI journals—Biomedicines, Cancers, Current Oncology, and Pharmaceutics—this collection provides a cross-disciplinary perspective that bridges preclinical discoveries and clinical applications. This first edition is an insightful resource for researchers aiming to translate biological findings into innovative cancer therapies. The success of this first edition has led to the launch of a second edition of the Topic, which is currently ongoing and will also be published in reprint format at a later stage.

Fruit de la réflexion menée dans le cadre des Journées d’études qui se sont tenues à l’Université de Perpignan en septembre 2015, le présent ouvrage tente de comprendre, à travers un dialogue scientifique interdisciplinaire, comment les élites romaines se mettent en scène dans les différents espaces de la cité, alors même qu’espace public et espace privé tendent progressivement à se compléter, à s’articuler, voire à se confondre. Dès lors, il s’agit de s’interroger sur les stratégies de représentation, sur la manière dont ces élites utilisent ces espaces de « l’entre-deux », mettent à profit cette ambiguïté, pour construire leur propre discours dans l’espace urbain entendu au sens large – espace civique mais aussi privé – et pérenniser ainsi la memoria familiale. Fondée sur des sources documentaires multiples, allant des écrits littéraires et épigraphiques aux monuments et aux images, notre analyse envisage la diversité des espaces romains de l’arc occidental méditerranéen, depuis la période républicaine jusqu’à l’antiquité tardive, pour tenter de percevoir les lignes de force qui se retrouvent sur le temps long.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in medical imaging is revolutionizing healthcare by enhancing screening, diagnostics, and clinical care. This integration is crucial as the global healthcare industry strives to enhance accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility. AI and machine learning (ML) extend far beyond simple automation, ushering in an era of precision medicine with diagnostics and treatments tailored to individual patients. Advances in deep learning (DL) further enable rapid analysis of complex imaging data, supporting clinical decisions, reducing diagnostic variability, and facilitating early detection—ultimately leading to improved outcomes. Despite its promise, integrating AI into clinical settings faces challenges. Effective AI models require high-quality, annotated training datasets; yet, the scarcity of such data and the imbalance between cases and controls hinder model development. Moreover, real-world medical datasets often include noisy and incomplete data, which can compromise algorithm reliability and introduce biases. The Special Issue “Artificial Intelligence in Image-Based Screening, Diagnostics, and Clinical Care” highlights groundbreaking advancements in AI/ML for medical imaging. It addresses challenges posed by limited and imperfect data while presenting innovative methodologies for image-based screening, diagnostics, and management. By showcasing original research and reviews, this issue provides valuable insights into state-of-the-art AI applications poised to effectively address global health challenges.

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Steel has become the most requested material all over the world during the rapid technological evolution of recent centuries. As our civilization grows and its technological development becomes connected with more demanding processes, it is more and more challenging to fit the required physical and mechanical properties for steel in its huge portfolio of grades for each steel producer. It is necessary to improve the refining and casting processes continuously to meet customer requirements and to lower the production costs to remain competitive. New challenges related to both the precise design of steel properties and reduction in production costs are combined with paying special attention to environmental protection. These contradictory demands are the theme of this book.

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This book deals with two research fields and brings them together: contrastive linguistics and third language acquisition. The book describes the following linguistic structures in Dutch and Swedish from a contrastive perspective: spatial adverbs, copula, impersonal passives, impersonal constructions and finally the posture verbs stand, zit and lie. Dutch and Swedish are usually acquired as a third language and not as a second language, which implies that learners already comprehend various other languages. When learning a language these multilingual learners have developed certain strategies which draw on their competence in earlier studied languages. In the process of learning a third language, metalinguistic and cross-linguistic awareness play an important role. Comparing linguistic structures in two closely related languages as Dutch and Swedish can enhance cross-linguistic awareness and therefore be used as a didactic tool.

Las obras recientes acerca del periodo de Cárdenas ya rara vez se ocupan de la comprensión de los hombres y de la relación de los hechos, por preocuparse demasiado de la definición de ese periodo y de su ubicación dentro de las revoluciones del siglo XX. Ésta es una excepción a tan plausible práctica científica; es un relato y no una interpretación.

Den Kernpunkt des Bandes bildet eine grundlegende Neu-Definition von ‚Zunft‘, der größten sozialen Gruppe der mittelalterlichen Stadt. Die Autorin untersucht deren Entstehung und Wandel und zeigt, dass Zünfte im Mittelalter gewerbliche Einungen, Bruderschaften, politische Zünfte und militärische Einheiten umfassten. Am Beispiel von Straßburg werden hier alle vier Bereiche zum ersten Mal eingehend erforscht und die Ergebnisse mit den Städten Zürich, Nürnberg und Frankfurt verglichen. Basierend auf sozialwissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen und einem prosopographischen Ansatz, den die Autorin mit Methoden der Netzwerkanalyse verknüpft, beweist sie zudem, dass Zünfte äußerst mobile und dynamische Gruppen darstellten. Dadurch entsteht ein völlig neues Bild der Zünfte, die ein Grundelement vormoderner Gesellschaften waren.