Open Access Books

Her work analyses some modes of urban representation in the French culture of the second half of the eighteenth century. Two types of intellectual operations, description of reality and imagination of a better alterity, are combined to give voice to an increasingly lively critique of eighteenth-century cities, between reformist momentum and utopian spirit. The focus of the work is on the properly architectural urban representation, which was explored by Étienne-Louis Boullée (1728-1799) and Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806). Their writings are unique contributions of a specific kind of Enlightenment and give shape to city models created by the union of architectural reform and transformation of the community.

Das »Jahrbuch des Freien Deutschen Hochstifts« ist ein literatur- und kunstwissenschaftliches Periodikum zur deutschsprachigen Literatur und zu den Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Dichtung und Kunst. Die Schwerpunkte liegen in der Goethezeit, der Romantik und der frühen Moderne bis zur Gegenwart. Begründet im Jahr 1902 und herausgegeben vom Direktor des Hochstifts ist das Jahrbuch seit langem ein Forum internationaler Forschung. Neben Abhandlungen erscheinen in ihm kleinere Editionen und Berichte, in denen bedeutendere Neuzugänge oder zu Unrecht unbekannt gebliebene Bestände der Sammlungen erschlossen werden.

Democracy; Extreme; Parties; Portugal; Portuguese; Right

This volume illustrates the different images of God in the books of the Old Testament. The single writings are considered synchronically in their final version. They speak in totally different ways about God and present a fascinating variety of theologies.

This book offers an interdisciplinary view of the biophysical issues related to climate change. Climate change is a phenomenon by which the long-term averages of weather events (i.e. temperature, precipitation, wind speed, etc.) that define the climate of a region are not constant but change over time. There have been a series of past periods of climatic change, registered in historical or paleoecological records. In the first section of this book, a series of state-of-the-art research projects explore the biophysical causes for climate change and the techniques currently being used and developed for its detection in several regions of the world. The second section of the book explores the effects that have been reported already on the flora and fauna in different ecosystems around the globe. Among them, the ecosystems and landscapes in arctic and alpine regions are expected to be among the most affected by the change in climate, as they will suffer the more intense changes. The final section of this book explores in detail those issues.

This book explores the role of Nordic lawyers in the struggle for political liberalism. Previous studies have found that lawyers, in a guardian role, organize through their professional organizations to fight for political liberalism, which include basic civil rights and a moderate state. This volume expands and challenges this research agenda. It focuses on the paradox presented by the Nordic region, which scores high on indices of political liberalism and freedom but lacks a long tradition of a large and robust bar or politically salient judiciary. Crossing two centuries and five Nordic countries, it explores the relation between the rise of political liberalism and the corresponding role of the bar and bench. While the authors find variation across the five Nordic countries, they conclude, with some notable exceptions, that the bar remained minuscule and unorganized until well after the emergence of liberal political institutions in the region. Moreover, during this period lawyers and judges did not identify as a separate profession, but were strongly ensconced in the civil service or scattered in the private market. The histories presented in this volume question the view that political lawyers are a necessary condition for the development of a liberal political regime, although reveal that since the 1960s, lawyers have increasingly struggled for political liberalism in all Nordic countries. Nonetheless, these legal complexes have emerged in a manner that challenges the standard guardianship narrative. The book offers alternative rational choice and structuralist explanations for why and when lawyers mobilize collectively for political liberalism.

Heat treatment generally induces structural changes of fish muscle and loss of nutrients. Depending on many intrinsic and extrinsic factors farmed fish qualitative attributes can be subject to changes. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of boiling on physical parameters and nutritional profile of fillets from two farmed species [meagre (Argyrosomus regius) and rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss)]. Specie-specific differences in physico-chemical traits influenced raw flesh quality and the response to cooking. In meagre, sampling times differences in macronutrients were nullified by cooking. In rainbow trout, boiling modified physico-chemical profile depending on the strain while farming conditions affected cooked fillet quality in a different extent according to the strain.

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In an attempt to cease from reducing the world and its phenomena to linear modeling and analytic dissection, Dynamic Systems Theories (DST) and Embodiment theories and methods aim to account for the complex, dynamic, and non-linear phenomena that we constantly deal with in psychology. For instance, a DST and Embodiment perspective can enrich psychology’s understanding of communicative processes both in clinical and non-clinical settings. In psychotherapy, research has shown that there are a number of common factors contributing to psychotherapy outcome, of which the therapeutic relationship is the most important one. These findings give communication a central role in the psychotherapy process. In the traditional view, the underlying model of understanding psychotherapy processes is that of a number of components summatively coming together enabling us to make a linear causal prediction. Yet, communication is inherently dynamic. A shift to viewing the communication process in psychotherapy as a field dynamic phenomenon helps us to take into account nonlinear phenomena, such as feedback processes within and between persons. We thus propose an embodied enactive dynamic systems view as a new theoretical and methodological perspective that can more realistically capture what happens among and between two persons in psychotherapy. This view is broader than that of most current models in psychotherapy research. DST and Embodied Enactive Approaches can offer solutions to the prevailing neglect of non-linear phenomena in Western science, to better account for the complex dynamics of reality, and to move to a more holistic level of analysis. DST and Embodied Enactive Approaches have developed not in a single discipline but in a joined movement based on various fields such as physics, biology, robotics, anthropology, philosophy, linguistics, neuroscience, and psychology, and have only recently entered clinical theorizing. The two new paradigms are presently triggering a rethinking of the therapeutic process by recognizing the embodied nature of psychological and communicative phenomena. Their integration opens up a promising scenario in the field of psychotherapy research, developing new, profoundly transdisciplinary, theoretical concepts, methodologies, and standards of knowledge. The notion of field dynamics enables us to account for the role of the communicational context in the regulation of intra-psychological processes, while at the same time avoiding the pitfalls of an ontologization of the hierarchy of systemic organization. Moreover, the new approach implements methodological strategies that can transcend the conventional opposition between idiographic and nomothetic sciences.

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde eine Elementbauweise hinsichtlich ihrer Eigenschaften unter horizontalen Lasten untersucht. Bei der Bauweise werden die Vorteile von handlichem Format der einzelnen Elemente sowie dem geringen Gewicht des Werkstoffs Holz vereint.Um die Eigenschaften der Bauweise erforschen zu können, wurde an der Universität Karlsruhe eine Apparatur zur Prüfung von Wandscheiben entwickelt, mit der Wände unter vertikalen sowie horizontalen Lasten untersucht werden können.

Que Montesquieu ait le genre d’esprit de Montaigne, comme on a pu le dire à propos de l’auteur de L’esprit des lois, signifie en premier lieu que l’histoire de tous les hommes qui ont vécu s’offre d’abord pour lui comme une sorte de présent universel. L’écoulement temporel n’implique pas que l’histoire du monde soit partagée en époques ; les faits historiques se disposent dans un milieu temporel homogène. Ainsi Montesquieu rompt-il avec la conception chrétienne de l’histoire qui suppose, elle, des époques distinctes et donc une altération radicale de notre rapport au temps historique à partir de la venue du Christ. Mais Montesquieu pense évidemment le rapport de l’avant et de l’après, la différence de l’Ancien et du Moderne. L’enjeu est alors de prendre en compte ce rapport sans faire intervenir un partage de l’histoire universelle en époques. Montesquieu est un jurisconsulte et un historien du droit ; c’est dans la connaissance du droit romain, du droit français et de leur filiation qu’il trouve les concepts qui président à l’interprétation de l’histoire. Il y découvre en particulier un modèle de production du droit qui est celui de l’équité romaine et du droit prétorien, ainsi qu’une certaine idée de la nouveauté qui se manifeste comme retour d’un passé occulté - et non sous la forme d’un commencement absolu. Sous cette double hypothèse, les concepts de la philosophie politique et les faits de l’histoire universelle s’ordonnent dans L’esprit des lois en vue de la constitution d’une summa ratio qui n’est pas celle d’un législateur, mais plutôt celle de l’esprit législateur à l’œuvre dans l’histoire.

Co-production; prisons; criminal justice; youth detention

This open access book presents theoretical and practical research relating to the vast, publicly financed program for the construction of new schools and the reorganization of existing educational buildings in Italy. This transformative process aims to give old buildings a fresh identity, to ensure that facilities are compliant with the new educational and teaching models, and to improve both energy efficiency and structural safety with respect to seismic activity. The book is divided into three sections, the first of which focuses on the social role of the school as a civic building that can serve the needs of the community. Innovations in both design and construction processes are then analyzed, paying special attention to the Building Information Modeling (BIM) strategy as a tool for the integration of different disciplines. The final section is devoted to the built heritage and tools, technologies, and approaches for the upgrading of existing buildings so that they meet the new regulations on building performance. The book will be of interest to all who wish to learn about the latest insights into the challenges posed by, and the opportunities afforded by, a comprehensive school building and renovation program.

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a triennial international survey which aims to evaluate education systems worldwide by testing the skills and knowledge of 15-year-old students. This volume contains a collection of contributions from multidisciplinary fields and working environment (school, university, research). The contributions have been selected through a call for papers and submitted to peer review by qualified experts.