Open Access Books

In the first few centuries of Islam, Middle Eastern Christians, Muslims, and Jews alike all faced the challenges of preserving their holy texts in the midst of a changing religious landscape. This situation led Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew scholars to develop new fields of linguistic science in order to better analyse the languages of the Bible and the Qurʾān. Part of this work dealt with the issue of vocalisation in Semitic scripts, which lacked the letters required to precisely record all the vowels in their languages. Semitic scribes thus developed systems of written vocalisation points to better record vowel sounds, first in Syriac, then soon after in Arabic and Hebrew. These new points opened a new field of linguistic analysis, enabling medieval grammarians to more easily examine vowel phonology and explore the relationships between phonetics and orthography. Many aspects of this new field of vocalisation crossed the boundaries between religious communities, first with the spread of ‘relative’ vocalisation systems prior to the eighth century, and later with the terminology created to name the discrete vowels of ‘absolute’ vocalisation systems. This book investigates the theories behind Semitic vocalisation and vowel phonology in the early medieval Middle East, tracing their evolution to identify points of intellectual contact between Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew linguists before the twelfth century.

This volume investigates the doctrine of the seven divine attributes in the Ashʿarite theological school and assigns them to three new main categories: (1) omnipotence, will, and knowledge (2) life and seeing (3) hearing and talking. The book focuses on theologian Sayf ad-Dīn al-Āmidīs (d. 1233), drawing connections to contemporary debates and emphasizing the relevance of Ashʿarite teachings for contemporary discourses.

This handbook provides a unique, systematic and comprehensive overview from leading experts in the field of the policy-making tools deployed at all the phases of the policy process. It covers the fundamentals of both new and established policy tools — from regulation and public enterprises to subsidies and information campaigns, as well as new tools such as, social impact investing, nudges, crowdsourcing, co-production and new digital governance and data analysis techniques. The book consists of nine sections with five corresponding to the major research emphases of studies on policy tools across the stages of the policy cycle (agenda-setting, formulation, decision-making, implementation and evaluation). These are accompanied by overviews of key research and concepts, a discussion of how different kinds of tools can be usefully combined in simple or complex policy portfolios or mixes, and a concluding section on future research directions. Consolidating the state of knowledge, and uniting classic foundational material with recent advancements in theory and practice in one location, the handbook is a defining volume in this field. The Routledge Handbook of Policy Tools is essential reading and an authoritative reference for scholars, students, researchers and practitioners of Public Policy, Public Administration, Public Management as well as those interested in Comparative Politics and Government, Public Organizations and the use of policy tools and instruments in individual policy areas from climate change to public health.

African sexualities are dynamic, multi-faceted and resilient. However, people with non-heterosexual sexualities and gender variant identities are often involved in struggles for survival, self-definition, and erotic rights. Queer in Africa forms an entry point for understanding the vulnerabilities of queer Africans as shaped by social, cultural and political processes, aiming to provide innovative insights about contentious disagreements over their lives. The volume mediates Southern and Northern scholarship, directing attention toward African-centred beliefs made accessible to a wide audience. Key concerns such as identity construction and the intersections between different social forces (such as nationalist traditionalism and sexualities) are addressed via engaging chapters; some empirically based and others providing critical cultural analysis. Highly interdisciplinary in nature, Queer in Africa provides a key resource for students, academics, and activists concerned with the international support of sex and gender diversity. It will appeal to those interested in fields such as anthropology, film studies, literary studies, political science, public health, sociology, and socio-legal studies.

Brazil

Während sich die globalen Notwendigkeiten von Flucht und Migration weiter zuspitzen, bleibt eine nicht an die Herkunft gebundene Teilhabe weiterhin aus. Am Beispiel langjähriger Forschungsbeziehungen zu jungen geflüchteten Menschen informiert Ingmar Zalewski über zivilgesellschaftliche Praktiken der Partizipation. In der Verbindung von Ethnografie und starker Reflexivität arbeitet er emotionale Formen des Austauschs heraus, in denen die gelebte Beziehung die Möglichkeit bietet, Asymmetrien auszuhandeln und Migrationsgeschichte(n) gemeinsam zu überschreiten. Der ethnopsychoanalytische Ansatz macht Beziehung somit zur Methode einer stark reflexiven Migrationsforschung.

If marine organisms are to persist through the Anthropocene, they will need to be resilient, but what is resilience, and can resilience of marine organisms build within a single lifetime or over generations? The aim of this review is to evaluate the resilience capacity of marine animals in a time of unprecedented global climate change. Resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem, society, or organism to recover from stress. Marine organisms can build resilience to climate change through phenotypic plasticity or adaptation. Phenotypic plasticity involves phenotypic changes in physiology, morphology, or behaviour which improve the response of an organism in a new environment without altering their genotype. Adaptation is an evolutionary longer process, occurring over many generations and involves the selection of tolerant genotypes which shift the average phenotype within a population towards the fitness peak. Research on resilience of marine organisms has concentrated on responses to specific species and single climate change stressors. It is unknown whether phenotypic plasticity and adaptation of marine organisms including molluscs, echinoderms, polychaetes, crustaceans, corals, and fish will be rapid enough for the pace of climate change.

Mechanical weed control can be grouped into three categories: full-width cultivators, inter-row cultivators and intra-row cultivators. This chapter will highlight the most recent and relevant advances within each category. The focus will be on novel inventions and developments of mechanical devices, designs, and the weed problems they are meant to solve. Moreover, automation technologies that assist weeding operations are becoming increasingly important and will be given special attention.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781351026987, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. The pervasiveness of social media in young people’s lives is widely acknowledged, yet there is little evidence-based understanding of the impacts of social media on young people’s health and wellbeing. Young People, Social Media and Health draws on novel research to understand, explain, and illustrate young people’s experiences of engagement with health-related social media; as well as the impacts they report on their health, wellbeing, and physical activity. Using empirical case studies, digital representations, and evidence from multi-sector and interdisciplinary stakeholders and academics, this volume identifies the opportunities and risk-related impacts of social media. Offering new theoretical insights and practical guidelines for educators, practitioners, parents/guardians, and policy makers; Young People, Social Media and Health will also appeal to students and researchers interested in fields such as Sociology of Sport, Youth Sports Development, Secondary Physical Education, and Media Effects.

Im Rahmen des Projekts Duncker & Humblot reprints heben wir Schätze aus dem Programm der ersten rund 150 Jahre unserer Verlagsgeschichte, von der Gründung 1798 bis zum Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1945. Lange vergriffene Klassiker und Fundstücke aus den Bereichen Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Geschichte, Philosophie und Literaturwissenschaft werden nach langer Zeit wieder verfügbar gemacht – und zwar sowohl gedruckt als auch in elektronischer Form. Einige Titel sind bereits erschienen. Täglich kommen weitere hinzu. Bis Ende des Jahres wird das »Duncker & Humblot reprints«-Programm auf ca. 1.500 Bände anwachsen. Möchten Sie regelmäßig über Neuerscheinungen aus dem reprints-Programm informiert werden? Dann abonnieren Sie unseren E-Mail-Benachrichtigungsdienst.

To which extent is the notational iconicity of text (layout, emphasis, etc.) grammatically significant? This volume provides an answer by taking an expanded cognitive-grammatical approach to examine a corpus of food packaging photos, using a combination of collection analysis and grammatical samples. The analysis reveals the relevance of design for the status of brand names, product names, and how they are combined with non-verbal predicates.

Les obligations d'information se multiplient en nombre et en intensité. Elles sont la source de responsabilités nouvelles, surtout pour ceux dont la profession consiste précisément dans la transmission de l'information ou dans la délivrance du conseil. Le présent ouvrage est le fruit d'un cycle d'après-midi d'études organisé conjointement par le Centre de droit des obligations de l'Université catholique de Louvain et le Département des recyclages en droit des Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis afin d'examiner l'évolution la plus récente de la responsabilité civile liée à l'information et au conseil. Trois secteurs, où cette évolution est la plus sensible, ont été privilégiés : - le devoir d'information et de conseil des intermédiaires d'assurance et de produits financiers ; - le devoir d'information et de conseil en matière d'urbanisme et d'environnement ; - les responsabilités liées à la transmission de l'information.

La sociologie comme la politologie des sociétés musulmanes ont généralement confondu la domination publique d’une référence – l’islam, ses rites et ses règles – avec la détermination, par cette référence, des systèmes d’action dans lesquels les hommes se trouvent engagés. Mais comment expliquer, d’un même point de vue, la simultanéité, à l’intérieur d’un seul espace social, de l’islam et de l’autonomie des systèmes d’action des personnes vis-à-vis de la religion ? Comment envisager l’islam sous cet angle et ne plus l’appréhender comme le terme central de toute explication ni considérer ses acteurs comme de simples marionnettes de la religion ou, s’ils s’en écartent, comme de purs marginaux ? Dans une Égypte contemporaine agitée de débats religieux, de scandales, de faits divers et de controverses portant sur la moralité, l’auteur entend montrer qu’une référence peut apparaître dominante sans dominer la vie des gens et, surtout, que les systèmes d’action les plus communs – ceux qui tissent la vie quotidienne – peuvent défaire l’omnipotence d’une référence ou d’une norme, sans pour autant la nier.

Quelle éducation reçoivent les femmes de la bourgeoisie qui peuplent l’imaginaire des Français grâce aux romans et aux peintures du xixe siècle ? Les Bourgeoises au pensionnat offre une réponse en étudiant l’émergence d’un système d’enseignement secondaire pour jeunes filles antérieur aux lois républicaines de 1880. À travers l’étude d’établissements très divers, religieux comme laïcs, se dessine un portrait des jeunes filles au pensionnat ainsi que des « instruiseuses », pour reprendre le qu...

The topic of this work is the analysis of control loops under the influence of input/output timing deviations. Such deviations from the ideal periodic timing can lead to increased control error or even to instability. To address this issue, methods are presented to determine a safe tolerance band for the timing deviation. Two alternatives are addressed: stability analysis at design time and timing adaptation at run time. In both cases, the methods support multiple inputs and outputs with individual timing uncertainties. For the analysis at design time, the work presents methods to determine stability and maximal control error at design time for a given input/output time window. The linear case is analyzed using linear impulsive systems. Progress towards solving the nonlinear case is made by reachability analysis of hybrid automata in connection with the Continuization method. For a flexible adaptation at run time, the framework of convergence rate abstractions is developed. By this, the decision about the permissible input/output timing can be made according to the current situation and with little computational overhead. Hence, larger temporal deviations can be permitted for a short time as long as the timing remains good enough in the long-term average to preserve stability. Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Verhalten von Regelkreisen unter dem Einfluss von zeitlichen Abweichungen der Ein- und Ausgabe. Solche Abweichungen von einem idealen periodischen Zeitraster können zu größerer Regelabweichung und bis hin zu Instabilität führen. Die Arbeit stellt Methoden vor, um ein erlaubtes Toleranzband für die zeitliche Abweichung zu bestimmen. Dies umfasst zum einen die Stabilitätsanalyse zum Entwurfszeitpunkt und zum anderen die Adaption zur Laufzeit. Insbesondere wird der Mehrgrößenfall betrachtet, in dem mehrere Sensoren und Aktoren jeweils eigene zeitliche Unsicherheiten aufweisen. Für die Analyse zum Entwurfszeitpunkt werden Methoden zur die Analyse der Stabilität und maximalen Regelabweichung für ein gegebenes Ein-/Ausgabe-Zeitfenster vorgestellt. Für den linearen Fall wird dies anhand eines linear impulsives Systemmodells umgesetzt. Als Lösungsweg für den nichtlinearen Fall wird die Erreichbarkeitsanalyse hybrider Automaten in Vebrindung mit der Continuzation-Transformation untersucht. Zum anderen wird eine Methode zur flexiblen Anpassung der Ein-/Ausgabe-Zeitfenster an die aktuelle Situation entwickelt. Hierzu wird das Konzept der Konvergenzraten-Abstraktion entwickelt, um zur Laufzeit mit mit geringem Rechenaufwand eine Entscheidung über das zulässige Zeitfenster zu treffen. Somit kann kurzzeitig eine größere zeitliche Abweichung zugelassen werden, solange das durchschnittliche Timing hinreichend gut bleibt um die Stabilität zu erhalten.