Open Access Books

Die Zwischenkriegszeit in Österreich war geprägt von gravierenden politischen Veränderungen, sozialen Umbrüchen und wirtschaftlichen Krisen. Dennoch war sie, zumindest bis weit in die 1920er Jahre hinein, eine Ära intellektueller und künstlerischer Produktivität und Wien als Hauptstadt der neu gegründeten Republik Österreich konnte weiterhin als eines der geistigen Zentren Europas gelten. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich Judith Kopecky der Untersuchung des zeitgenössischen österreichischen Liedschaffens dieser Jahre, wobei angeregt durch jüngere kulturwissenschaftlich orientierte Studien ein einziges Jahr, nämlich 1928, im Sinne des Geertz’schen Konzepts der ‚Thick Description‘ in einer Fülle von Blickwinkeln ins Zentrum des Forschungsinteresses gerückt wird.

This book explores, in nine chapters, the formalization and sustainability of informal enterprises in rural areas, with a focus on Ecuador. The first chapter highlights key indicators such as financing and business education to formalize businesses. The second chapter analyzes digital platforms and their impact on small businesses in La Concordia, Ecuador, where digitalization improves competitiveness, although it faces infrastructure limitations. Ongoing training for entrepreneurs, central to the third chapter, is vital for success in rural environments. Subsequent chapters address the role of microcredit (IV), innovation in cocoa farming (V), and the importance of auditing in business decision-making (VII). The book also examines how the university contributes to socioeconomic indicators (VI), quality management in MSMEs (VIII), and concludes with a curriculum proposal for training informal traders (IX). This compendium provides a comprehensive analysis of how education, financing, technology and innovation are fundamental for sustainable economic development and formalization in vulnerable areas.

Indonesia

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to paralysis, sensory, and autonomic nervous system dysfunctions. However, the pathophysiology of SCI is complex, and not limited to the nervous system. Indeed, several other organs and tissue are also affected by the injury, directly or not, acutely or chronically, which induces numerous health complications. Although a lot of research has been performed to repair motor and sensory functions, SCI-induced health issues are less studied, although they represent a major concern among patients. There is a gap of knowledge in pre-clinical models studying these SCI-induced health complications that limits translational applications in humans. This reprint describes several aspects of the pathophysiology of spinal cord injuries. This includes, but is not limited to, the impact of SCI on cardiovascular and respiratory functions, bladder and bowel function, autonomic dysreflexia, liver pathology, metabolic syndrome, bones and muscles loss, and cognitive functions.

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Strukturierung und damit Systematisierung der Methodenentwicklung. Es wird ein Vorgehensmodell beschrieben, welches die Methodenentwicklung in übersichtliche Phasen gliedert und ausführlich die jeweils durchzuführenden Arbeitsschritte darlegt, von einer Analyse der Prozessnahtstellen bis hin zu einer tätigkeitsorientierten Prozessbeschreibung. Anwendungen aus unterschiedlichen Domänen und Produktlebensphasen dienen als detaillierte Beispiele für die Praxis.

Cosmology 2020 – The Current State offers the reader several fresh ideas on this topic. The first chapter presents an argument that, both in theory and in reality, one cannot ignore the microscopic world to concentrate on the Universe at only the galactic level. Then we have several chapters presenting new explanations for dark energy and dark matter based on reasonable physics at the atomic level. We cover the beginnings of artificial intelligence to model a cosmological phenomenon and a chapter pointing out that better results can be culled from SNe Ia and HII data when appropriate computerised analyses are applied. We think this book will add some new ideas to the libraries of many cosmologists and astrophysicists.

Seit dem material turn haben sich in den germanistischen Teilbereichen die Perspektiven auf das Buch unterschiedlich entwickelt. In diesem Band werden aktuelle Schwerpunkte exemplarisch vorgestellt. Beginnend mit einem mediävistischen Fokus auf die Anfänge der deutschen Schriftlichkeit, auf mittelalterliche Handschriften sowie auf frühe Drucke, folgen Beiträge zu kunsthistorischen Aspekten der Gestaltung von Handschriften. Anschließend thematisieren Beitragende aus linguistischer sowie sprachdidaktischer Perspektive den Umgang mit Büchern in der Forschungs- und Schulpraxis und zeigen schließlich einschlägige literaturdidaktische Ansätze zum Literaturunterricht sowie zur aktuellen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur auf.

L’auteur réunit dans ce volume ses réflexions sur trois sortes de sujets : la référence, les structures de la phrase simple, la subordination. Ses idées principales sont les suivantes : - il n’existe pas quelque chose qui serait la grammaire du français ; la "compétence" d’un locuteur n’est pas un système achevé, clos, permettant de faire mécaniquement le tri entre le grammatical et l’agrammatical. Enfin, si on peut élaborer une théorie du langage, il ne peut y avoir de théorie de la syntaxe. - la part du formel pur dans les faits grammaticaux est importante. Traiter, par exemple, ce dans c’est un fou en termes de référence introduit une division artificielle dans les usages éclatés de cet élément syntaxique. La structure sujet-verbe-cod doit être essentiellement définie en termes formels. C’est abusivement qu’on disjoint il voit des gens et il vient des gens. Par contre, la structure d’attribut est fondée sur des critères sémantiques. - les catégories grammaticales Sémantiques sont souvent marquées par le flou. Il peut être impossible d’opposer clairement que relatif et que conjonction, de préposition et de complémenteur. Le phénomène de subordination ne recouvre d’autre part aucune unité, et les faits formels y sont associés de façon très lâche à l’interprétation. L’auteur aborde tous ces problèmes avec les réserves et les réticences qu’il a toujours manifestées vis-à-vis des ambitions des grandes théories grammaticales et sémantiques.

La Révolution française a mis fin non seulement à une forme de vie politique et sociale, mais aussi à une littérature. Le début du XIXe siècle signe la fin des belles-lettres classiques et l’avènement de la littérature que la critique moderne, en écho au vers célèbre de Victor Hugo, a longtemps crue en guerre contre la rhétorique. Cet ouvrage se propose de réexaminer la place de l’art oratoire dans la théorie et la pratique littéraires de Charles Nodier, théoricien de l’éloquence romantique, et des écrivains de son salon littéraire de la Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal. L’analyse des œuvres de Nodier, Hugo, Musset et Vigny permet de saisir le passage de la rhétorique classique à l’éloquence romantique qui ouvre la voie à la modernité littéraire.

This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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"This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of feminist approaches to questions of violence, justice, and peace. The volume argues that critical feminist thinking is necessary to analyse core peace and conflict issues and is fundamental to thinking about solutions to global problems and promoting peaceful conflict transformation. Contributions to the volume consider questions at the intersection of feminism, gender, peace, justice, and violence through interdisciplinary perspectives. The handbook engages with multiple feminisms, diverse policy concerns, and works with diverse theoretical and methodological contributions. The volume covers the gendered nature of five major themes: • Methodologies and genealogies (including theories, concepts, histories, methodologies) • Politics, power, and violence (including the ways in which violence is created, maintained, and reproduced, and the gendered dynamics of its instantiations) • Institutional and societal interventions to promote peace (including those by national, regional, and international organisations, and civil society or informal groups/bodies) • Bodies, sexualities, and health (including sexual health, biopolitics, sexual orientation) • Global inequalities (including climate change, aid, global political economy). This handbook will be of great interest to students of peace and conflict studies, security studies, feminist studies, gender studies, international relations, and politics."

Vitamin D is the topic for many discussions in the scientific community. Nowadays, a different interpretation of this secosteroid hormone is needed. Today the term "vitamin" may be considered outdated. This compound may be correctly be called a vitamin only when it is administered to humans or animals that suffer from its deficiency. This book attempts to clarify the role of Vitamin D deficiency in many pathological processes in the whole organism. Chapters in this book cover such issues as the earliest clinical and preclinical investigations of the consequences of Vitamin D deficiency for cognitive, cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and renal disorders.

Originally published in 1988. Edgar Dryden challenges recent criticism that has tended to discredit—or at least devalue—the importance of "romance" as a thematic and generic category of American fiction. In The Form of American Romance, he examines its evolution and meaning through readings of five exemplary texts: Hawthorne's Marble Faun, Melville's Pierre, James's Portrait of a Lady, Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom!, and Barth's Letters. Each of these novels treats the problems of reading and writing in a self-referential way that reflects on the questions they dramatize, and Dryden has chosen each with the others in mind. Taken together, they chart a line of development with representative examples of what literary history calls romanticism, realism, modernism, and postmodernism, and thus they suggest a certain story about the continuity of the American novel.

The European Union interest group population is often characterised as being biased towards business and detached from its constituency base. Many scholars attribute this to institutional factors unique to the EU. Yet, assessing whether or not the EU is indeed unique in this regard requires a comparative research design. We compare the EU interest group population with those in four member states: France, Great Britain, Germany and the Netherlands. We diff erentiate system, policy domain and organisational factors and examine their eff ects on interest group diversity. Our results show that the EU interest system is not more biased towards the representation of business interests than the other systems. Moreover, EU interest organisations are not more detached from their constituents than those in the studied countries. Everywhere, business interest associations seem to be better capable of representing their members’ interests than civil society groups. These fi ndings suggest that the EU is less of a sui generis system than commonly assumed and imply the need for more fi ne-grained analyses of interest group diversity.