Open Access Books

For decades, human cognition involved in reading aloud and speech production has been investigated extensively (a quote search of the two in google scholar produces about 83,000 and 255,000 results, respectively). This large amount of research has produced quite detailed descriptions of the cognitive mechanisms that allow people to speak or to read aloud a word. However, despite the fact that reading aloud and speech production share some processes – generation of phonology and preparation of a motor speech response – the research in this two areas seems to have taken parallel and independent tracks, with almost no contact between the two. The present Research Topic takes an initial step towards building a bridge that will link the two research areas, as we believe that such an endeavour is essential for moving forward in our understanding of how the mind/brain processes words. To this aim, we encourage contributions exploring the relation between speech production and reading aloud. The questions the Research Topic should address include, but are not limited to, the following: To what extent are speech production and word reading/reading aloud similar? Are there some shared components and/or mechanisms between the two process? Is the time course of the (supposed) shared mechanisms activation similar in the two processes? How does the different input (conceptual vs. orthographic) interact with the types of information that reading and speaking share (semantic and phonological knowledge, articulatory codes)? How does a difference in the input affect the (supposed) common stages of processing (i.e., phonological encoding, and articulatory planning and execution)? We welcome any kind of contribution (e.g., original research article, review, opinion) that answers the above or other questions related to the Topic.

Die zur techno-ökonomische Analyse von Luftreinhaltestrategien verwendeten Optimiermodelle vernachlässigen in ihrer Zielfunktion die einzelbetriebliche Investitionsentscheidung. Diese stellt jedoch die Grundlage für den Einsatz von Emissionsminderungsmaßnahmen auf Anlagenebene dar. Das beschriebene systemdynamische Modell erlaubt die Analyse der Auswirkungen umweltpolitischer Instrumente auf die betrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen und Kosten und somit auf die erreichbare Emissionsminderung.

Lagoon Environments Around the World - A Scientific Perspective covers a wide range of topics. Typically bordering between land and sea, lagoons are among the most diversely utilized waterways on the planet. Lagoons are extremely important environments socio-economically, and their usage places ever increasing stress on these very sensitive aquatic regions. The effective management of shallow aquatic environments requires a detailed scientific understanding of the various contributary natural processes. This has both environmental and economic implications, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. This book draws on international scientific research to examine the following lagoon related issues: classification, circulation hydrodynamics, ecosystems, sedimentation, anthropogenic stresses, and response to extreme events. The research was carried out by researchers who specialize in shallow water processes and related issues.

Migration, mobility, and globalization are transforming ways of working and living. Business activities, relationships and a sense of belonging are often not tied to any one place. This book explores biographies of highly mobile startup founders who often run startups that have been called „born global“. It describes how they move, how they orientate and perceive themselves, and how migration and mobility play a role beyond the physical act of ‘moving’. Presenting current ethnographic research, the book critically discusses approaches in migration and mobility studies and the research field of the „migration of the highly skilled“.

This chapter examines the strategic approach of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to its international labour standards. It introduces international labour standards policy, defining four phases in its progressive development to date and identifying three pillars that have shaped it. It then turns to consider likely transversal themes that will impact on standards policy in the future. Highlighting the role of the Standards Review Mechanism Tripartite Working Group (SRM TWG) in advancing standards policy at present, the future impact of transversal themes such as democratization, policy coherence and technological advances are considered. The chapter concludes that it is the relationship between the ILO's two unique advantages – its tripartite structure and standards system – that will continue to ensure a future standards policy that is principled, rational and feasible. The aspirations of the tripartite constituents in relation to the body of standards are the motor for its ongoing development, practical effect and legitimacy.

Exploring Eurasian connections from the perspective of mobile Afghan traders, Marsden documents how trading communities thrive in geopolitically fraught contexts, analyses the structure of the networks they form, and explores the dynamics of the commercial hubs important to their activities. This title is also available as Open Access.

global crisis - developing countries - international development studies

Cet ouvrage est consacré aux échanges en Méditerranée à l’époque médiévale. Il repose sur des témoins matériels aussi divers que sont la céramique, la monnaie, le papier, des réseaux à grande distance depuis al-Andalus jusqu’en Asie Mineure, en passant par le Maghreb, la Provence et l’Italie. Réseaux qu’empruntent les cargaisons de pots, de vin, d’huile, de blé, d’épices, mais aussi les hommes d’affaires, les marchands, les ambassadeurs, les populations migrantes, qui depuis Venise ou Gênes vont coloniser les comptoirs de la mer Noire, ou encore les manuscrits qui vont transmettre dans toutes les cours d’Europe les récits des voyageurs en Orient des siècles durant et, enfin, les peintres et leurs œuvres qui délaissent les brumes nordiques pour les terres accueillantes du Sud de l’Europe. Le monde économique du Moyen Âge ne s’embarrasse pas plus que celui d’aujourd’hui des frontières des États, même si les souverains tentent de le réguler par des traités ou d’en tirer des revenus par le contrôle politique des ports et des détroits ; il brasse les affaires des plus grandes compagnies avec leurs associés, facteurs, apprentis et représentants et exploite les liens sociaux multiples de Barcelone à Alexandrie, de Lucques à Gênes, de Provence en Champagne, de Florence à Avignon et Aix. L’acculturation fait fi des distances, elle permet aux peintres hispaniques de faire des copies des maîtres flamands, aux mosaïstes byzantins de décorer la mosquée de Cordoue, à l’empereur Théophile de construire son palais de Bryas sur les rives du Bosphore à l’image du palais de Bagdad. Le monde des échanges est celui d’un monde sans cesse réinventé…

Demosthenes is recognized as a defender of Athenian democracy and freedom, particularly in voicing his concern about the growth of Macedonian power. While the defence of democracy is a recurring theme in his speeches, Demosthenes did not develop a theory of democracy. Rather, he tended to idealize the Athenian democratic experience. Further, in his defence of democracy and the ethos of the democratic citizen, Demosthenes references oligarchy, though again not from a theoretical perspective. The objective of this paper is to analyse Demosthenes’s use of the democratic and oligarchical forms of government in his defence of Athens, with a focus on his construction of an antithesis between them and his deployment of the Athenian experiences with oligarchy in 411 and 404 BC in his oratory.

Die Begründung oder Legitimation des Rechts ist eine Aufgabe, welche die Menschen verschiedener Zeitalter in unterschiedlicher Weise zu lösen versuchten. Das in diesem Band dokumentierte wissenschaftliche Kolloquium analysiert die Legitimierung von Recht in ihren geschichtlichen Erscheinungsformen und Entwicklungsstufen. Die Beiträge decken den historischen Raum vom römischen Recht, dessen umfassende Würdigung einen Schwerpunkt bildet, bis zum Neukantianismus ab.

L’intérêt manifesté par la Grande-Bretagne à l’égard du territoire irakien remonte bien avant la première Guerre Mondiale. Sa position géographique, le croisement et la proximité de ses frontières avec la partie Sud du territoire iranien, les différentes principautés et émirats arabes situés sur la rive occidentale du Golfe, faisaient de l’Irak un objet de convoitise pour les Anglais. Ajoutons les richesses pétrolières que recèle le sous-sol de ces régions. Déjà au XIXe siècle le « marchand anglais » est devenu un résident politique. Il revendique des avantages et même une certaine forme de protectorat non déclaré. A cet égard, Lord Curzon indique : « Les relations entre la Grande-Bretagne et le Golfe sont passées des livres de comptes des marchands aux valises diplomatiques des hommes politiques ». De plus, il déclare en 1911 devant le Conseil des Lords : « qu’on a tout à fait tort de croire que les intérêts politiques de la Grande- Bretagne s’arrêtent au Golfe ou à Bassorah, ils s’étendent jusqu’à Bagdad elle-même ».

What is Literature? According to Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, Literature is perfect sensate discourse. Based on this insight Baumgarten offers the first modern theory of literature. His uniquely holistic approach encompasses a methodology, epistemology, metaphysics, narratology, and ethics.

The last couple of decades has not only witnessed an increased convergence between human rights and development but also a significant shift towards rights-based approaches to development, including especially responsiveness to the fact that development in itself is a human right guaranteed to be enjoyed by all peoples. This edited volume of peer-reviewed papers constitutes the first product resulting from the annual international conference series on the right to development, organised by the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, and the Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute at the University of South Africa. It explores the complex nature of the right to development from a diversified perspective, including from a conceptual, thematic, country and regional points of view. Conceived with the purpose to overshadow dominant economic growth approaches to development, the perspectives on the right to development articulated in this publication seek to locate the developmentalist discourse within the framework of accountability and people-centred development programming, necessitating appropriate policy formulation to ensure the constant improvement in human well-being. The book is written with the aim to reach out to researchers, academics, practitioners and policy makers who desire an in-depth understanding of the right to development as it applies universally.

Active flow control (AFC) has emerged as a vibrant research field with significant potential to address a broad spectrum of academic and industrial challenges. Recent developments in actuation technologies and computational/experimental methods, together with the resurgence of machine learning, have positioned AFC to achieve enhanced effectiveness, efficiency, robustness, and intelligence. The following reprint compiles fundamental studies and practical applications of AFC, encompassing the design and development of novel actuators, innovative control strategies, and advances in theoretical, computational, and experimental approaches, alongside explorations of related interdisciplinary topics.

This book provides an up-to-date account of the archaeology, history, economy, urbanism, art, and architecture of the North African region of Tripolitania during antiquity. The essays by international scholars outline current research and the most recent developments in the archaeology of this territory. The strong interdisciplinary character of the texts reflects the expertise of the different authors – from studies of the landscape and urban development, to funerary practices, architecture, military operations and food supply. This timely publication provides a much-needed new assessment of the evolution of this region throughout the Roman and Late Antique period.