Open Access Books

В статье рассматривается проблема рецепции итогов и уроков испано-американской войны 1898 г. сквозь концепцию «морской силы». Её идеолог, американский капитан Альфред Тайер Мэхэн, считал, что залогом могущества и процветания великой державы является наличие боеспособного военного флота. Следовательно, Соединенным Штатам, которым Мэхэн также отводил место среди могущественнейших держав мира, следовало активно наращивать свои ВМС. Война с Испанией не только подтвердила верность идей Мэхэна, но и позволила капитану дополнить свою концепцию дополнительными тезисами, изложенными в книге «Уроки войны с Испанией: и другие статьи». Отмечая успешное завершение боевых действий на суше и на море, Мэхэн указывал на серьёзные просчеты, которые следовало исправить как можно скорее. В частности, правительству США следовало позаботиться об улучшении своих прибрежных укреплений. В случае выбора Испанией тактики налетов на прибрежные города урон, понесенный США, был бы колоссальным. Среди прочих проблем, на которые Мэхэн обращал внимание, было увеличение количества кораблей военно-морского флота и армии. Для достижения этой цели следовало не только выделять дополнительные ассигнации, но и проводить среди населения соответствующую пропаганду. Анализируя состав военно-морского флота США, капитан рекомендовал в дальнейшем делать акцент на строительстве двух типов кораблей. Первым из них были линкоры, которым Мэхэн отводил основную роль в морских сражениях. Крейсера, лишенные брони, должны были служить в качестве поддержки последних. Одновременно Мэхэн утверждал, что от конструирования более старых типов кораблей, коими были мониторы, следовало отказаться вообще.

Religion and food are intrinsically linked. Religion, especially in Antiquity, requires food to form the rite: food as offerings permits the circulation between this world and hereafter, from the living making offerings to the gods and the dead and then in return, the gods – and sometimes the dead – through the abundance of harvests offer food to the living. At the heart of food practices, religion imposes its mark by contributing to the manufacture of a standardized framework, which is also a vector of identity. It designates what is edible, therefore considered pure, and what is not; it creates the rules for preparing food, from the field to the kitchen, and sets standards of conduct at the time of consumption. It is precisely because the notion of norm is at the heart of both, that religion and food are privileged means to question societies, to compare them, and to underline the specificities of each.The present work, which is collective and multidisciplinary, aims to clarify the place of food in myths and ritual practices, and to define the nature and importance of the religious mark in food practices. Based on a comparative approach, it brings together 17 articles, both case studies and synthesis works on Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia and the Levant, from the 3rd millennium to late Antiquity.

The following Special Issue examines the rapid evolution of the NFT art market, tracing its trajectory from an experiment to a global phenomenon. The sale of Beeple’s “Everydays—The First 5000 Days” for over USD 69 million at Christie’s online auction in 2021 marked a watershed moment, catapulting NFT art into the mainstream. While the market experienced significant growth driven by high-profile sales and investor interest, it also faced some challenges, including volatility and environmental concerns. This collection of works explores the key drivers of the transformative journey of the NFT art market in the post-COVID era, analyzing the economic, cultural, and legal factors that have contributed to its rise and various challenges that lie ahead for this emerging art market niche.

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of ‘Dialogues’ as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with ‘others’, which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, “dialogue” as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title ‘translated’ into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences.

Embedded systems

Earthquakes - From Tectonics to Buildings is a compilation of eight chapters that explain tectonics and seismicity. The book presents state-of-the-art techniques for calculating ground motion amplification due to sediments above the engineering bedrock employing strong-motion recordings and microtremor data. It also explains liquefaction phenomena through interpretive structural modeling techniques. Finally, the book presents pile foundations’ seismic behavior on liquefiable soils and remedial countermeasures against earthquake attacks.

How does the presence and value of knowledge within a society influence its capacity for political invention? This collective work investigates the political vocation of knowledge in ancient Greece. It proceeds in two stages. On the one hand, it examines the figures of knowledge in Ancient Greece - craftsmen, soothsayers, physicians, aedists, poets, philosophers, historians, sophists and astronomers - from the point of view of their public image and the perception of their social role. On the other hand, we need to ask whether the collective practices that conveyed the experience of forming a common body in ancient Greek societies - laughing together in the theatre or making a racket in assemblies, taking part in common rites or deliberating in the Council - manifest forms of knowledge or the representation of knowledge. At the crossroads of these paths, it appears that in ancient Greece, the figures of knowledge owed their social importance to their ability to embody the promise of a service to the public, and that the political form that flourished in certain cities, including Athens, under the name of democracy, is linked to the idea that the people in power are capable of gathering the knowledge necessary to serve themselves.

Déclenchée le 14 août 1919 par un article confidentiel de Louis de Robert, la polémique sur le style de Flaubert prit en quelques mois une ampleur inattendue. L'essentiel du propos de Robert tenait en une anecdote : il avait demandé à un professeur d'université de relire Madame Bovary et d'en relever les fautes ; celui-ci n'en avait trouvé aucune. Robert lui avait alors soumis une série de phrases de Flaubert en les présentant comme d'un de ses amis, et le professeur avait conseillé à l'écrivaillon de se remettre d'urgence à la grammaire et d'avaler un traité de style. Louis de Robert en concluait qu'on pouvait être grand écrivain et pécher par la forme. Quelques jours plus tard, Paul Souday – le très célèbre et très puriste critique du Temps – vint défendre Flaubert et rappeler vivement que la bonne littérature impliquait le bien écrire. Le débat était lancé. L'affaire prit une tout autre dimension en novembre de la même année, quand Albert Thibaudet donna dans la NRF une version savante des thèses de Robert et sembla affirmer que la grammaire n'était qu'un ensemble de règles non ouvert au jeu littéraire. Le postulat parut bien spécieux à Proust, qui le contesta bientôt et célébra le « génie grammatical » de Flaubert. En de longs articles, écrivains et critiques prirent alors position sur ce qui définissait in fine une nouvelle conception de la littérature.

After cardiovascular illnesses, non-malignant diseases of the digestive tract are the most common illnesses affecting Germans, resulting in around 2 million hospitalizations every year. With the updated White Paper, the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) offers a validated scientific and statistical foundation to underpin the discussion of the present and future status of gastrointestinal diseases in Germany.

The chapter shows the course of activity of family assistants – caseworkers situated in the field of child protection practice in Poland. The contribution undertakes a reflection on the constraints in the implementation of the participatory approach which is found in the process of activities performed by assistants. These constraints are related to the scale of the problems faced by family members, as well as the wider determinants of institutional and legislative issues that prescribe the formal framework for the activity of caseworkers. The chapter describes the types of participation of family assistants and users that show the real face of participation, located in the field of social work with families, in particular in relation to child protection practice.

We all agree that people with MS need to be cared in a profoundly personalized way. The care of the patient with MS is still based on the presence of relapses, so their successful diagnosis and treatment is fundamental and will condition the therapeutic strategies to follow with the patient. The treatment strategies are a highly controversial topic of debate that is increasingly supported by robust objective biological markers of response and that also increasingly take into account the dynamics and predictors of cognitive impairment along the disease course, which includes the adoption of new trends in the field of machine learning techniques. However, we all know that patient care goes beyond being treated with drugs and we cannot overlook reminding patients of the importance of their lifestyle behaviors that vary according to the MS phenotype, in order to improve their quality of life. Teleconsultation is a new care strategy proved to be feasible and well-received by patients with MS that will undoubtedly become reinforced because it will allow a closer follow-up of the patient without the need for displacement.

Paola Nestola põe nas mãos e sob os olhos dos leitores um estúdio abrangente para refletir sobre o cerimonial como campo de construção da identidade religiosa, evidenciando os traços arquelógicos e arquetípicos de uma cerimónia importante da época moderna: as solenes entradas dos bispos para a tomada de posse da diocese. Nas últimas décadas, muito se tem publicado sobre a ritualidade política, tanto em Portugal como em outros paises de profundas raizes cristãs. O livro, baseado em documentos escritos e visuais, enquadra-se neste contexto científico, com o intuito de analisar um eterogéneo corpus de representações cerimoniais pouco conhecidas, mas com uma forte carga simbólica e emotiva. Partindo das inéditas etapas biográficas do arcebispo de Braga, D. Fr. Agostinho de Jesus (1588-1609), será possível abordar uma incursão sobre esta cerimónia episcopal e suas arquetípicas origens? Será possível refletir sobre a experiência imaginativa e contemplativa desencadeada nos protagonistas desta liturgia? Será possível reconstruir a perceção suscitada, nos seus contemporáneos, do poder e da jurisdição do arcebispo de Braga? Ao longo dos séculos XVII-XVIII a solene cerimónia modificou-se na sequência de uma mudança cultural, religiosa, política, teológica e litúrgica que considerou também os reflexos da Reforma Protestante. Para tanto, outras representações iconográficas, outras memórias cerimoniais das dioceses de Portugal e do seu império possibilitam estes propósitos analíticos.

Politician Aldo Moro was abducted and killed in 1978 by the terrorist organization Red Brigades. The media then stylized Moro as a «state martyr». The volume deals with the highly topical question concerning the performativity of this concept in the tension between democratic state and terrorism and reconstructs a crucial phase of post-war time policy in Italy on the basis of media sources on the Moro case. What performs a term from Christian antiquity within modern socio-political discourses? What changes has the term "martyr" undergone in European religious and cultural history? On the basis of these questions, the study opens up an interdisciplinary theoretical horizon to understand the role of religious motives in socio-political con-texts. It brings a central new dimension to the secularization debate, which sees secularization as a new configuration of politics and religion.

Une appréhension de la réalité sub specie hominis, d’un point de vue strictement humain : Eugenio Garin caractérise en ces termes la pensée de la Renaissance, comme une humanisation de l’approche de la réalité « en termes de liberté, de volonté et d’action ». Cela ne signifie pas que le pragmatisme est le dernier mot de l’humanisme, ni que l’homme est la mesure de toutes choses, mais que notre connaissance est essentiellement une connaissance par les effets : effets naturels, effets de la volonté divine dans la nature, effets des volontés humaines libres dans l’histoire. C’est dire aussi que, si toute métaphysique, voire toute théologie n’est pas impossible, c’est seulement à condition de mettre en place des dispositifs permettant de s’élever à ces types de connaissances qui dépassent les capacités humaines. Les études que nous présentons sont consacrées à la philosophie naturelle chez Cardan, Telesio et Campanella, et au rapport entre nature et histoire chez Machiavel, Guichardin, Patrizi, Bodin et Montaigne. Elles s’attachent à montrer que la philosophie naturelle et l’histoire, en qualité de réflexions sur la théorie de l’action et sur les procédures du savoir, ont eu des rôles privilégiés dans la formulation de cette approche, dont un des enjeux principaux est le rapport des penseurs du xvie siècle à l’humanisme. Le caractère occulte de la volonté divine et des volontés humaines libres impose à la fois des limites et une identité propre aux tentatives de maîtrise de la réalité par la connaissance et par l’art humain, qu’il s’agisse, sur le versant pratique, d’élaborer un art du temps, ou sur le versant théorique, de rassembler la totalité de la mémoire humaine.

This article considers the offensive and defensive armament, organisational structure, and condition of horses in the King of Poland’s 200-horse mercenary company under the command of rittmeister (rotmistrz) Jan Buczacki in 1501. As a part of the permanent defence system (obrona potoczna), this company was stationed in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland’s Ruthenian Lands in order to protect the lives and property of the local residents from the military threats of Tatar and Moldavian forces. The article presents the results of a source study and a statistical analysis of a part of a hand-written military registry from 1501, which is stored in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. In the registry records, 24 knights (men-at-arms, or companions – towarzysze), including the captain, were mentioned by their name or nickname, while the majority of the soldiers and squires remained anonymous. In total, the company comprised 171 men (including 24 knights and 2 military musicians) and 29 squires. The records report that the company had 135 pieces of offensive armament (102 crossbows, 30 lances, 3 matchlocks) and 174 pieces of defensive armament (28 full plate knights’ armours, 106 shooters’ armours, 5 chain mails, a breastplate, a sallet helmet, an armet helmet, and a small shield – a buckler). According to the type of armaments, the soldiers of the unit can be divided into four categories: heavy lancers (kopijnicy), arbalists, demi-lancers (półkopijnik), and swordsmen. In addition, the registry includes detailed records describing the company’s horses, which were classified as either spearman or shooters’ horses. In particular, there were 56 heavy lancers’ horses, 137 shooters’ horses, and 7 horses belonging to neither of those categories.