Economics & Development

Economic shocks such as commodity price volatility, climate disruptions, or large infrastructure investments reshape local labor markets. Understanding who is affected, where, and through which channels is essential for designing policies that promote shared prosperity and resilience. This report introduces the Shock Propagation Diagnostic (SPD), a reduced-form framework that combines shift share (Bartik) exposure measures with input-output propagation to trace direct effects on exposed sectors and indirect spillovers through domestic production networks. The report showcases three country applications, Cambodia, Mongolia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), each supported by a replication package. Cambodia and DRC illustrate ex-ante scenario simulation, while Mongolia is the report's Tier 1 causal ex-post application: as a price taker in international commodity markets, Mongolia faces plausibly external price shocks that are combined with predetermined regional employment shares and before-and-after labor-market data. Earlier Brazil and Viet Nam studies are used only to illustrate prior Tier 1 applications of the approach. Across the three featured cases, supply-chain spillovers are quantitatively important, adjustment often operates through wages, hours, and informality, and distributional outcomes depend critically on initial economic structure. SPD is designed as an early-entry diagnostic tool that complements more complex models through a transparent, data-efficient lens for rapid deployment.

Kenya, one of Sub-Saharan Africa’s largest and most diversified economies, has strong fundamentals for private sector–led growth. The country has a population of over 50 million, a diversified economic base, strong regional connectivity through the Port of Mombasa, a relatively skilled workforce, and significant agricultural, renewable energy, and tourism assets. Over the past decade, Kenya recorded steady economic growth, driven largely by public investment. However, this growth has not produced sufficient private investment, productivity gains, export growth, or formal job creation. Private investment remains low, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows lag those of peer countries, exports have declined as a share of gross domestic product (GDP), and only a small fraction of the 1 million annual labor market entrants find formal employment.

This document outlines the procurement plan for the Rural and Small Towns Water Security Project in Mozambique, covering initiatives related to water supply, sanitation, and public administration. It details project components and procurement schedules for infrastructure and services.

The development objective of the Msimbazi Basin Development Project for the United Republic of Tanzania is to strengthen flood resilience and integrated urban development in an economically important and flood prone area of the Msimbazi river basin in Dar es Salaam, and to provide immediate and effective response to an eligible crisis or emergency. The additional financing is provided to replenish resources reallocated to the Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC) in response to the 2023 to 2024 floods and Cyclone Hidaya and to address a financing gap for resettlement compensation, while revising the development objective and updating the results framework without changing the project’s scope, risk classification, implementation arrangements, or closing date. The Bank will work on integrated flood risk reduction and resilient urban infrastructure, including river channeling, excavation, dredging, flood retention areas, riverbank protection, sediment management, and upstream watershed measures such as reforestation, erosion control, and solid waste and litter management; resilient transport infrastructure by raising and widening the Jangwani Bridge and relocating the Jangwani Bus Depot to reduce interruptions to Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) operations; development of a city park and mixed use redevelopment area in the lower Msimbazi; preventative resettlement through land acquisition, compensation, in situ and in-kind relocation, and a livelihood restoration program; and institutional strengthening for resilient urban development, including governance reforms, operationalization of the Msimbazi Special Planning Area, watershed management, water quality monitoring, emergency planning, land use planning, development controls, and solid waste management, supported by project management, monitoring and evaluation, fiduciary management, environmental and social compliance, and stakeholder engagement. Through the CERC, the project restores post-disaster connectivity via climate resilient emergency works such as bridges, culverts, stormwater drainage, and targeted road upgrades implemented by the Tanzania National Roads Agency (TANROADS), reinforcing transport network functionality during future flood events. The project intends to reduce flood damages to infrastructure and settlements, improve access to sustainable transport, relocate households from high-risk zones to safer areas with secure tenure and improved services, enhance women’s voice and agency through gender responsive public-space design, strengthen grievance redress and stakeholder engagement, and establish durable institutional and operational systems to manage the basin, thereby increasing the number of beneficiaries with enhanced resilience to climate risks and sustaining integrated, climate informed urban development in Dar es Salaam.

This document is a disclosable implementation status report (ISR) for the Regional Program for Distributed Access Through Renewable Energy Solutions Phase 1, focusing on public administration and energy generation.

This document outlines the procurement plan for the Sustainable Power and Irrigation for Nigeria Project under Western and Central Africa. It covers key sectors including energy generation, irrigation, drainage, and public water administration.

This document outlines the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP) for the Additional Financing of the Democratic Republic of Congo Health Emergency Preparedness Response and Resilience Project. It details the environmental and social commitments, measures, and actions required for project implementation.

This document outlines the procurement plan for the Building Opportunities and Outcomes in Social Protection and Youth Employment project in Somalia. It covers various aspects related to health, public administration, social protection, and education.

This document is an implementation status and results report for the Türkiye Water Circularity and Efficiency Improvement Project. It outlines the progress and performance indicators related to water sanitation, irrigation, and drainage initiatives.

This document outlines the procurement plan for the Indonesia Health Systems Strengthening Project under the East Asia and Pacific region. It covers project operations related to public administration and health facilities construction.

The 2025 Financial Governance Report examines major fiscal, governance, and economic developments in Somalia and highlights reforms in petroleum governance, public procurement, revenue administration, and financial sector oversight. It also identifies key risks, including rising fiscal pressures, security sector costs, and evolving governance challenges, while outlining priorities for the year ahead.

This document outlines the procurement plan for the Improving Frontline Workers Performance in Education and Health Project in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. It details project expenditures, goods, works, and consulting services managed under public administration for education and health.

Mexico’s hydrocarbon fiscal architecture forms a comprehensive system that converts natural resource rents into public revenues. The structure of public revenues has evolved from oil dominance to tax-based diversification. The Mexican Petroleum Fund stands at the core of this regime, institutionalizing transparency and macro-fiscal discipline. It centralizes all non-tax petroleum revenues, allocating them through a statutory order: first to contractual obligations, then up to 4.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) to the federal budget, followed by stabilization funds and, finally, long-term savings. Pemex remains the central actor linking Mexico’s hydrocarbon wealth to public finances. Fiscal sustainability depends increasingly on aligning Pemex’s operational transformation with macroeconomic policy. In essence, Mexico’s hydrocarbon fiscal system embodies a deliberate equilibrium between sovereignty, discipline, and adaptation. It has evolved from a model of dependence on a single company to a multi-institutional structure that prioritizes transparency, stabilization, and fiscal prudence. Its future sustainability will depend on the ability to integrate fiscal, energy, and environmental policy into a coherent strategy. The architecture is sound; the challenge lies in its consistent execution.

This document is an implementation status report concerning the National Health Insurance (JKN) Reforms and Results Program. It provides public disclosure information regarding health sector reforms and public administration.

This document contains the audited financial statement for the Paraiba Sustainable Rural Development project in Brazil. It covers financial reporting related to agriculture, water supply, and public administration sectors.