Economics & Development

Nota ini mendiskusikan perihal kebutuhan medis dan bagaimana pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas risiko (payor) menggunakan konsep ini untuk memandu proses perawatan klinis dan review klaim. Nota ini melengkapi brief lain yang membahas tentang proses manajemen klaim, alur klinis, dan hubungan kontrak dengan penyedia jasa layanan kesehatan.

Bangladesh is one of the leading garment exporters globally and a significant employer of women. However, women’s representation in management roles remains very low. To close this gap, as of 2016, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) developed the Gender Equality and Returns (GEAR) Program under Better Work, which is a collaboration between IFC and the International Labor Organization (ILO). Conducted in partnership with factories, management, global apparel brands, and garment workers, GEAR aimed to increase gender equality, improve working conditions, and enhance productivity in the Bangladesh’s garment sector. In 2022, IFC commissioned the University of Oxford and BRAC University to undertake an assessment of the GEAR Program covering the period from 2016 to 2022. The assessment found that more than two-thirds of women who completed GEAR training were promoted to supervisors, and their salaries increased by roughly 40 percent. The average share of female supervisors at participating factories increased from 10 percent to 18 percent. In addition, production lines managed by GEAR-trained supervisors were 2.5 to 4.3 percentage points more efficient than those managed by supervisors who did not receive the training. This translates into annual cost savings of up to US $9,100 per year, per line, or up to US $182,000 annually for a typical factory with 20 production lines.

Indonesia telah mencapai kemajuan yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya menuju cakupan kesehatan semesta melalui peluncuran Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), dengan mengonsolidasikan berbagai skema menjadi satu program nasional serta secara signifikan memperluas cakupan dan menurunkan pengeluaran langsung dari kantong masyarakat. Meskipun demikian, JKN masih menghadapi tantangan yang berkelanjutan, termasuk defisit pembiayaan, cakupan yang belum lengkap terutama di kalangan pekerja sektor informal, serta kesenjangan dalam kualitas layanan. Kelemahan sistemik dalam tata kelola, pembiayaan kesehatan, dan penyelenggaraan layanan menghambat kemajuan menuju UHC yang efektif dan berkeadilan. Menjamin keberlanjutan jangka panjang JKN akan memerlukan reformasi yang terkoordinasi untuk memperkuat tata kelola, memobilisasi pendapatan, meningkatkan efisiensi belanja, dan meningkatkan kualitas layanan kesehatan.

Nota ini berfokus kepada bagaimana cara meningkatkan kualitas koding klinisi. Secara global, data standar tentang diagnosis dan prosedur merupakan elemen-elemen penting untuk memantau beban penyakit, melacak pengobatan dan hasil perawatan pasien, dan menargetkan peningkatan kualitas intervensi. Namun, di Indonesia, keakuratan koding klinis juga memiliki implikasi keuangan yang signifikan, karena merupakan komponen kunci dalam menentukan besaran biaya yang dibayarkan ke Rumah Sakit.

Indonesia has made unprecedented progress toward universal health coverage through the introduction of Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), consolidating multiple schemes into a single national program and significantly expanding coverage while reducing out‑of‑pocket spending. Despite these achievements, JKN faces persistent challenges, including financing deficits, incomplete coverage among informal workers, and gaps in service quality. Systemic weaknesses in governance, health financing, and service delivery hinder progress toward effective and equitable UHC. Ensuring JKN’s long‑term sustainability will require coordinated reforms to strengthen governance, mobilize revenues, improve spending efficiency, and enhance health service quality.

Tujuan dari Nota Kebijakan ini adalah untuk menyampaikan berbagai opsi perbaikan untuk implementasi sistem pembayaran kapitasi di Indotnesia. Nota ini memberikan gambaran umum mengenai kapitasi sebagai salah satu sistem pembayaran, menjelaskan tantangan-tantangan dalam pengalokasian dan penggunaan dana kapitasi di Indonesia, dan merekomendasikan kebijakan-kebijakan yang dapat diambil untuk memperbaiki rancangan dan implementasi kapitasi.

Nota ini memberikan gambaran umum tentang clinical pathway (alur klinis) untuk layanan kesehatan dan proses penyusunannya dalam konteks Indonesia.

Governments and development partners have invested heavily in digitalizing land administration, often treating front-end digital services as the primary route to improved land market outcomes. Using World Bank’s Business Ready (B-READY) 2025 data for 101 economies, this Brief test whether land registry and cadaster coverage or digital public services are more closely associated with firms’ reported constraints in access to land (Enterprise Surveys, range 0-15). A multivariate regression controlling for income groups finds that coverage remains a significant predictor of land access outcomes while digital public services lose significance. Digital public services, however, are strongly associated with transparency in land administration, and interoperability between registries is associated with shorter times for property transfer. Several middle-income economies match or exceed high-income peers on a composite digital infrastructure score, pointing to the progress that does not depend on income level alone. These findings support a sequenced reform agenda: strengthen coverage and interoperability first and then layer high-impact digital services on top. The analysis focuses on the property transfer and land administration components of the Business Location topic and uses the Enterprise Surveys indicator on access to land being a major constraint as a perception-based outcome measure.