Net force in the absence of external forces in systems with retardation: Emphasis in electromagnetism

Overview & Synopsis

This paper demonstrates retardations can have significant implications for the kinetics and physical properties of electromagnetic systems, which should not be overlooked in general. It is shown that two electrical objects, besides attraction or repulsion, may exhibit an uncommon behavior resembling a leader-follower interaction, where one object follows the other. It is shown that the sum of forces within a system can be non-zero under certain conditions and the absence of external forces. Additionally, further analysis shows that accounting for retardation can reveal an uncommon oscillatory resistive reactance at high frequencies in circuits. Finally, an experimental setup is proposed to measure the one-way speed of light based on the effect of the speed of light on unbalanced forces. In this proposal, clock synchronization is not needed, potentially allowing the identification of anisotropy of the speed of light.