Science & Mathematics

Giovanni Botero è nominato segretario dell'arcivescovo Carlo Borromeo. L'ascesa di un gesuita indisciplinato, dall'insegnamento alla congregazione dell'Indice. Ragion di stato e ragion di chiesa: il rilancio dell'egemonia cattolica come risposta alle guerre di religione. Le Relazioni universali: una enciclopedia per un mondo globalizzato dal colonialismo e dai missionari.

Cet article rend compte du travail de didactisation opéré par un chercheur en physique granulaire lorsqu’il guide des visiteurs dans sa salle d’expérimentation. Nous considérons la situation comme une transaction didactique. Nos cadres théoriques principaux sont la théorie de l’action conjointe en didactique, et l’approche documentaire. Nous réalisons une étude de cas à partir d’une observation réelle, d’un film d’étude, d’entretiens rétrospectifs et des productions scientifiques de notre enquêté. Nous analysons comment le physicien agence les ressources, introduit les éléments de savoirs dans le milieu pour donner à voir son activité scientifique à un visiteur profane. Nous donnons à voir la relation dialectique entre le milieu et le contrat didactiques, et montrons leur évolution sur une situation de courte durée.

In this paper, we present recent advances in the molecular dissection of complex traits in dairy sheep and discuss their possible impact on breeding schemes. In the first step, we review the literature data on genetic polymorphisms and the effects of sheep ${\alpha_{\text{s1}}}$-casein and $\beta$-lactoglobulin loci. It is concluded that the results are rather inconsistent and cannot be used in dairy sheep selection. In a second step, we describe the strategy implemented in France, Italy and Spain taking advantage of the genetic maps for QTL detection. These studies were part of a European project, called "genesheepsafety", which investigated both milk production and functional traits. Preliminary QTL results are presented for production traits.

Adding to the growing literature on cluster life cycle (CLC), this paper gives new insights focusing on the crucial stage of genesis. We argue that the process by which clusters came into existence matters by structuring its further development. We conceptualize this dynamic process through an evolutionary perspective-considering the relevance of history-enriched by the relational and institutional ones, giving the structuring role of interpersonal ties and institutions. To implement this comprehensive approach of CLC, data availability becomes a great challenge since historical and relational materials are needed. We suggest using an original mixed method we apply on a French cluster. Whereas our understanding of the preexisting stages of the cluster official birth is only based on qualitative data, its evolution is derived from quantitative approach interpreted by qualitative one. The CLC appears to be driven by historical features which make it able to adapt over time.

De los viajeros medievales al extremo oriente, Juan de Marignolli (c.1290-1358/9) no es de los más conocidos. La razón sea probablemente el hecho de que este franciscano no dejó una relación de sus viajes en forma independiente, como hicieran sus compañeros de orden Guillermo de Rubruck y Odorico de Pordenone. Prefirió contar sus vivencias, lo que vio y sintió en esas tierras lejanas, en el marco de una gran crónica universal desde la creación del mundo hasta su época. Este es, precisamente, el valor y la particularidad del legado del fraile: el incorporar sus experiencias a una obra mayor. Es decir, puso su experiencia y los conocimientos adquiridos en las extrañas comarcas de Asia al servicio de la teología y de la historia, buscando con ello ser un aporte tanto para el comentario bíblico como para una mejor comprensión del pasado de la humanidad. Esta característica ya había sido resaltada por la gran eminencia Anne Dorothée von den Brincken en su artículo " Die universalhistorischen Vorstellungen des Johann von Marignola OFM. Der einzige mittelalterliche Weltchronist mit Fernostkenntnis " (Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, 49 (1967), pp. 297-339): Juan de Marignolli es el único escritor de historia oriental antigua con conocimientos reales de la geografía y de las costumbres del lugar. Esto es también lo que estimula a Christine Gadrat, antigua alumna de la École des Chartes y especialista en los relatos de viajeros medievales, a traducir un fragmento de la crónica al francés. El trabajo ha sido realizado a partir de la edición de Joseph Emler (Fontes rerum Bohemicarum, t. III, 1882, p. 485-604), con correcciones tomadas del manuscrito Venecia, Biblioteca Marciana, lat. X. 188.

We construct the first example of a superstratum: a class of smooth horizonless supergravity solutions that are parameterized by arbitrary continuous functions of (at least) two variables and have the same charges as the supersymmetric D1-D5-P black hole. We work in Type IIB string theory on $T^4$ or K3 and our solutions involve a subset of fields that can be described by a six-dimensional supergravity with two tensor multiplets. The solutions can thus be constructed using a linear structure, and we give an explicit recipe to start from a superposition of modes specified by an arbitrary function of two variables and impose regularity to obtain the full horizonless solutions in closed form. We also give the precise CFT description of these solutions and show that they are not dual to descendants of chiral primaries. They are thus much more general than all the known solutions whose CFT dual is precisely understood. Hence our construction represents a substantial step toward the ultimate goal of constructing the fully generic superstratum that can account for a finite fraction of the entropy of the three-charge black hole in the regime of parameters where the classical black hole solution exists.

Risk assessment is a scientific exercise that aims at anticipating hazards. By convention, it entails a specification of this hazard, the collection of data about known occurrences, and various calculations allowing to extrapolate the frequency, severity, probability of future occurrences for particular persons or organizations from a baseline of data. Risk assessment is central to this type of regulation, known as risk regulation, in which controls for technological hazards are adapted to their probabilities, and defined before they occur (Hood et al. 2001, Shapiro and Glicksman 2003, Fisher 2009, Demortain 2020). It took form progressively in the 1970s and 1980s thanks to the contributions of a series of disciplines such as actuarial sciences, geography and natural disaster research, physics, operational research, all of which converged towards the notion that the probability of hazards could be computed, and that such calculations would help anticipate and mitigate hazards. Prediction has been one of the rallying calls for the scientists that united to give birth to the interdisciplinary movement of risk assessment (Rip 1986, Jasanoff 1990, Demortain 2020). Several decades later, the broad movement of digitalization and the promises of artificial intelligence seems to be pushing the limits of risk assessment, and heralds an era of faster and more precise predictions. The conversion of more diverse and larger sets of information into storable, classifiable and analyzable digital forms, and the design and adoption of IT technologies allowing organizations to perform such tasks at a quick pace and minimal cost, revives the ambitions of risk assessors to anticipate risks (Hutter 2010). And indeed, most of risk assessment practitioners have joined the call to accelerate and deepen the movement of digitalization, embracing like many other sciences the age of big data (Kitchin 2014). The imaginary of continuous, non-human-mediated production of data to train and feed predictive machines (Benbouzid et Cardon 2018), and quickly discover new cause-and-effect relationships in complex systems, has penetrated risk assessment and risk analysis (Aven and Flage 2020). This short paper reviews the history of chemical risk assessment methods developed by regulatory bodies and associated research groups, and the complex ways in which the predictive has transformed risk assessment sciences — among which toxicology and biochemistry. It identifies what it is that is currently happening in this area, and to better determine whether the ever-revamped technological promise of prediction is within a closer reach than it was before.

24x36 mm, gélatine plan-film.

Bowed string musicians are especially at risk of upper limb injuries (Cayea and Manchester, 1998). While a few risk factors were identified, no causal relations could be found (Baadjou et al., 2016), highlighting the need for biomechanical investigations. Among the music parameters impacting violinists' biomechanics, the tempo, string played and play style have been investigated (Visentin and Shan, 2003; Berque and Gray, 2002). However, interactions between these parameters are not clear. Their knowledge could help defining relevant experimental research plans. The objective was to assess the interactions of the tempo, string played and play style on the bow arm biomechanics

This experiment was conducted to assess the efficiency of selection on the basis of response to artificial challenges in order to breed sheep resistant to natural infection. A short-term divergent selection process was designed to estimate the genetic parameters of these two traits. Two flocks, including 100 Romanov ram lambs each, were challenged in 1990 when they were 6 months old. One flock received three artificial infections with 20 000 third-stage Teladorsagia circumcincta larvae, at intervals of 7 weeks. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed on Days 22, 25 and 28 post infection (p.i.) and the animals were drenched on Day 28 p.i. The other flock was grazed for 5 months on a pasture contaminated with the same species. Faecal samples were taken from the lambs at similar ages. About 5 rams with the lowest FEC and 5 with the highest FEC were selected in each flock and mated with unselected ewes. Their offspring (200 animals) were challenged in 1992, half in the same way as their sires, and the other half by the other method. Because of a drought in the summer of 1990, it was necessary to repeat part of the experiment, and in 1992 the 5 and 8 rams with the lowest and highest FEC, respectively, were selected from the offspring challenged on the pasture in 1992 and were mated with unselected ewes. Their progeny (about 80 animals) were challenged in 1994, half by natural infection, half by artificial infection. The mean FEC of the flock increased from the first to the third artificial infection. The natural infection was highly variable in different years, reflecting the difficulty of assessing resistance using this mode of challenge. Genetic parameters were estimated using animal models and REML solutions. The repeatabilities of the FEC following artificial and natural infection were 0.49 and 0.70 respectively within a period of one week, and 0.22 and 0.41 respectively for periods separated by intervals of 7 weeks; the heritabilities of the single egg count were 0.22 and 0.38 respectively. The genetic correlation was 0.87: the FEC recorded under natural or artificial infection appear to depend on the same genetic potential.

Major seasonal community reorganizations and associated biomass variations are landmarks of plankton ecology. However, the processes determining marine species and community turnover rates have not been fully elucidated so far. Here, we analyse patterns of planktonic protist community succession in temperate latitudes, based on quantitative taxonomic data from both microscopy counts and ribosomal DNA metabarcoding from plankton samples collected biweekly over 8 years (2009-2016) at the SOMLIT-Astan station (Roscoff, Western English Channel). Considering the temporal structure of community dynamics (creating temporal correlation), we elucidated the recurrent seasonal pattern of the dominant species and OTUs (rDNA-derived taxa) that drive annual plankton successions. The use of morphological and molecular analyses in combination allowed us to assess absolute species abundance while improving taxonomic resolution, and revealed a greater diversity. Overall, our results underpinned a protist community characterised by a seasonal structure, which is supported by the dominant OTUs. We detected that some were partly benthic as a result of the intense tidal mixing typical of the French coasts in the English Channel. While the occurrence of these microorganisms is driven by the physical and biogeochemical conditions of the environment, internal community processes, such as the complex network of biotic interactions, also play a key role in shaping protist communities.

Les grands événements urbains nécessitent la production d'environnements sécurisés qui vont permettre de vivre le climat de la fête, de la manifestation ou du match (les terrains qui seront évoqués ici) dans un intérieur protégé. Les forces de l'ordre ont acquis une expertise dans le pilotage de ces climats, qui repose non pas sur des plans mais sur une acceptation d'être " à l'intérieur ", eux aussi, et non en surplomb. Ils mobilisent alors toutes les ressources du cadre bâti et le complètent par leur propre disposition pour créer des enveloppes, et ils utilisent aussi les ressources de leurs corps pour garder les sens en éveil pour une situation toujours susceptible de déborder.

Le lien entre image et espace public est particulièrement évident dans le cas de la littérature, et plus particulièrement de la littérature policière, qui s'appuie sur un imaginaire urbain pour situer les romans dans des villes particulières et contribue en retour à façonner l'image d'une ville. Si l'image d'une ville construite ne peut être appréhendée sans tenir compte des règles et codes du genre policier, la saisie du lien entre image et espace public passe aussi par celle du triptyque auteur, ville et autorités représentant dans la ville. Nous montrons dans cet article, au travers de l'étude d'une série de romans policiers de Michael Connelly se déroulant à Los Angeles et ayant comme héros l'inspecteur Harry Bosch, d'une part que les libertés que l'auteur prend par rapport aux règles du roman policier lui permettent de créer du sens, en particulier une figure originale du policier angélien, mais que ce sens ne saurait être appréhendé sans une prise en compte des relations entre l'auteur et la police de Los Angeles - en particulier parce que les romans sont publiés sur une longue période, ce qui implique une réflexion de l'auteur sur l'effet que ses romans produisent sur l'image de Los Angeles.

Je donne à lire la version écrite de la communication que j'ai présentée lors du colloque international de Genève de 2013 "La médecine dissidente dans l'Europe des 16e et 17e siècle (II) : langage et savoir populaire". L'article (encore à paraître) traite d'une thérapeutique qui ne relève ni de la diététique, ni de la pharmacopée, ni de la chirurgie et qui constitue une forme de dissidence à l'intérieur de la pratique médicale canonique : la thérapeutique par stratagème. J'enquête d'abord sur les difficultés déontologiques que pose le recours à la ruse dans la pratique médicale du début de l'époque moderne. Je m'attache ensuite à montrer en quoi le genre littéraire de la nouvelle (nouvelles françaises et italiennes) témoigne de l'ambivalence que suscite l'emploi des stratagèmes médicaux, souvent pour montrer leur fécondité et susciter une réflexion éthique.