Science & Mathematics

For more than 50 years, UNESCO has been questioning the delimitations and the reality of cultural borders. The East-West Major Project (1957-1966) illustrates UNESCO's initial universalist conception and its will to encourage cultural unity. It reveals a progressive turn around in UNESCO's cultural politics, which led UNESCO to develop a more synthetic conception, allying promotion of both cultural unity and cultural diversity. Since the 1960s, UNESCO has tried hard to safeguard the world cultural heritage, notably in Africa, where it appeared to be endangered. The creation of the World Heritage List in 1972 and the attempt to set up a "New World Information and Communication Order" in 1980 were important steps. Several Conventions were adopted. The Convention on Cultural Diversity (2005) is particularly important, because it together emphasizes the diversity of the different cultures and affirms the Universalist idea of all cultures belonging to a common cultural ground. It therefore refutes Samuel Huntington's conception of an inevitable clash of civilizations: the UNESCO's convention goes against the idea that cultural borders would be factors of conflict. It constitutes an attempt of synthesis between universalism and multiculturalism. Yet the UNESCO's actions remain too scattered, and the efficiency of the UNESCO's conventions is very poor. Besides, the UNESCO's instruments have also pernicious effects: they are often used as instruments for political or economical targets. Now, UNESCO should not only promote the idea of "cultural diversity" and celebrate "cultural borders" and "intercultural dialog", but above all clearly distance itself from the idea of liberalizing culture and from WTO politics. Indeed, liberalizing culture increases social inequality and therefore deepens the "cultural gap" between people. UNESCO should take more concrete steps to allow every people to partake in cultural life.

Cet article décrit une approche d'étude de la diagnosticabilité des défauts d'un système automatique par caractérisation de son comportement observable. Les systèmes automatiques sont des systèmes complexes comprenant une multitude de composants interagissant les uns avec les autres. Des défauts peuvent y apparaitre avec un impact néfaste sur leur environnement ou leur propre intégrité. Il est donc important de compléter ces systèmes de dispositifs de diagnostic permettant de détecter et d'identifier ces défauts, le plus précisément et le plus tôt possible. Ceci nécessite au préalable de s'assurer de la diagnosticabilité des défauts c'est-à-dire de déterminer dès la phase de conception s'ils seront bien détectés et discriminés par le dispositif de diagnostic. Dans ce document, nous présentons une approche permettant d'identifier et d'intégrer des défauts dans un modèle d'un système. Ces modèles sont ensuite exploités pour l'étude de la diagnosticabilité des défauts.

La mission franco-ouzbèque de Samarkand, co dirigée par Fr. Grenet (CNRS) et M. Isameddinov (Institut archéologique de Samarkand), a mis au jour entre 1993 et 2004 un vaste entrepôt d'époque grecque dans la partie septentrionale de la ville ancienne de Samarkand (Afrasiab). Ce bâtiment a été édifié directement sur le sol vierge, en briques crues de format typiquement grec ; il est constitué de huit pièces rectangulaires formant une structure à peu près carrée, contenant des denrées alimentaires en grande quantité, en particulier des céréales, orge mondé et millet. L'incendie qui l'a ravagé a permis une bonne conservation des vestiges durcis par le feu ou fossilisés en cendres. Ce bâtiment vient nourrir de façon exceptionnelle nos connaissances encore restreintes sur l'occupation grecque de la ville et sur l'organisation économique de la communauté grecque.

The mammalian spinal cord and medulla oblongata harbor unique neurons that remain in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF-cNs). These neurons were shown recently to express a polycystin member of the TRP channels family (PKD2L1) that potentially acts as a chemo- or mechanoreceptor. Recent studies carried out in young rodents indicate that spinal CSF-cNs express immature neuronal markers that appear to persist even in adult cells. Nevertheless, little is known about the phenotype and morphological properties of medullar CSF-cNs. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy techniques on tissues obtained from three-month old PKD2L1:EGFP transgenic mice, we analyzed the morphology, distribution, localization and phenotype of PKD2L1(+) CSF-cNs around the brainstem and cervical spinal cord central canal. We show that PKD2L1(+) CSF-cNs are GABAergic neurons with a subependymal localization, projecting a dendrite towards the central canal and an axon-like process running through the parenchyma. These neurons display a primary cilium on the soma and the dendritic process appears to bear ciliary-like structures in contact with the CSF. PKD2L1(+) CSF-cNs present a conserved morphology along the length of the medullospinal central canal with a change in their density, localization and dendritic length according to the rostro-caudal axis. At adult stages, PKD2L1(+) medullar CSF-cNs appear to remain in an intermediate state of maturation since they still exhibit characteristics of neuronal immaturity (DCX positive, neurofilament 160 kDa negative) along with the expression of a marker representative of neuronal maturation (NeuN). In addition, PKD2L1(+) CSF-cNs express Nkx6.1, a homeodomain protein that enables the differentiation of ventral progenitors into somatic motoneurons and interneurons. The present study provides valuable information on the cellular properties of this peculiar neuronal population that will be crucial for understanding the physiological role of CSF-cNs in mammals and their link with the stem cells contained in the region surrounding the medullospinal central canal.

Performant solid-state oxygen ion conductors are of utmost importance for current and future energy applications. A significant enhancement of oxygen mobility has been recently established in the intermediate temperature range from 500 to 700 °C, but materials showing notable room temperature oxygen diffusion are still rare. While devices for energy storage or transformation generally employ polycrystalline electrodes, we report here on the electrochemical oxygen permeation capacity of single-crystalline Pr2NiO4+δ electrodes, showing remarkably high oxygen diffusion under ambient conditions, with 60 μm thickness. The electrochemically performed oxygen reduction was followed up by in situ single-crystal synchrotron diffraction, revealing oxygen mass transport corresponding to a chemical diffusion coefficient of D* = 6.3 × 10–11 cm2 s–1. Rapid oxygen diffusion becomes possible due to the predominant absence of grain boundaries, as revealed from the evolution of the individual twin domains. For the first time, the formation of anti-phase domains, organized on a length scale of 7 nm, could be evidenced during a chemical reaction, indicated by sharp satellite reflections of the second order. Our results demonstrate the yet unexplored potential of single crystals as stand-alone electrodes for high-throughput solid oxygen ion conductors under already ambient conditions

This article reviews the theoretical basis for indirect selection - where early selection is an example - and how correlated response is calculated.* The review is followed by a description of issues as to the choice of selection criteria that could explain the lack of substantial progress on breeding for wood quality. These include: the autoregressive nature of selection criteria, overemphasizing the importance of basic density as selection criterion, ignoring age-related trends of wood properties, using rotation age rather than technical thresholds as objective traits and ignoring that not all grades have identical marginal economic value.* Three data sets are either analyzed for the first time or reanalyzed under different assumptions, to explore the importance of these criticisms.* Finally, the use of critical value thresholds as very early selection criteria is suggested and discussed in the context of improving intrinsic corewood quality.

24x36 mm, gélatine plan-film

Previous works (Daubech et al., 2019) were dedicated to gaseous flame acceleration along long pipes with a set of cases studied both experimentally and numerically. In these cases, the flammable mixture was initially quiescent and homogenously distributed. The impact of the tube diameter and material were studied trough both approaches for rather slow flames, the fuel being methane. While main features of the real flame were recovered by the chosen CFD method, some limits remained. A new experimental dataset is detailed and analyzed with a quicker flame, the fuel being hydrogen and the same experimental set-up as the one used for measuring slow flames. Thus, the fuel effect on the flame dynamics can be directly highlighted. A simple CFD approach is tested for recovering two distinct flame behaviors: a deflagration flame and another undergoing deflagration-to-detonation transition. Furthermore, the modelling results are used to propose elements of interpretation for flame acceleration.

164. H. glaucum All. Cat. 227. 4. Ssp. nipholepium N. P. (ohne var. trichocephalum N. P.; diese siehe unter ssp. limonense) - 2: Derborence (P.); Sanetsch (P.). - 3: Schallberg am Simplon (nach Z.). - 4: Binntal: Twingen, Lauigraben, Trinimatten (alles: Bernoulli, Binz). 8. Ssp. isaricum N. P. var. floccosius N. P. -2:Derborence (Besse). 10. Ssp. tephrolepium N. P. - 2: Chemin Neuf am Sanetschpass (J.). - 3: Les Pontis im Val d'Anniviers (Wolf); «Saas bis Almagell» (idem); Kapellenweg und Zelli bei Saas-Fee, 1650 bis 1800 m (Bernoulli, Romieux u. a.); Brig (Wolf); Simplon-Nord mehrfach (Bernoulli, Wolf, P. u. a.). - 3a: Gabi (Vetter); Gondoschlucht (Wolf, E. Steiger). - 4: Binntal: Twingen und Lauigraben (Bernoulli, Binz, Chenevard), Trinimatten (Bernoulli). 13. Ssp. limonense Burnat et Gremli (H. glaucum ssp. nipholepium N. P. var. trichocephalum N. P.) - 2: Derborence (P.); Alpe de Cheville (Wolf); Porteur de Bois ob Conthey (nach Z.); Pont du Diable im Tal der Marge (Wolf); Leukerbad (nach Z.); «von Sitten bis Visp» (desgl.). - 3: Schallberg am Simplon (nach Z.). - 4: Binn (nach Z.).

Bugungi kunda jahon miqyosida raqamli iqtisodiyot, innovatsiya va axborot texnologiyalari shiddat bilan rivojlanmoqda. Ushbu jarayonning asosiy drayverlaridan biri - sun’iy intellekt (SI) hisoblanadi. U insonning fikrlash, tahlil qilish, xulosa chiqarish va qaror qabul qilish qobiliyatini taqlid qiladigan tizimlarni yaratishni maqsad qiladi. Sun’iy intellekt nafaqat texnika, balki ijtimoiy hayot, fan, ta’lim va tibbiyot sohalarida ham keng qo’llanilmoqda.

In the context of rapid globalization, digital transformation, and the modernization of education systems, the issue of developing professional competence among primary school teachers has become increasingly significant. This article explores contemporary approaches to shaping teachers’ professional competence, focusing on innovative pedagogical strategies, digital literacy, student-centered methodologies, and continuous professional development. The study highlights the importance of integrating theory with practice, fostering reflective teaching, and adapting to modern educational demands. The findings suggest that a comprehensive and dynamic approach is essential for preparing competent, flexible, and creative primary education professionals.

A. Lachenalii (Gmelin) Becherer et Hirschmann, comb. nova (H. vulg. grex Lachenalii Z. 1921, H. Lach. grex Sciaphilum [Uechtr.] Z. 1929) l. Ssp. Lachenalii(Gmelin) Z. (ssp. eu-Lachenalii Z.) -l: Unterwallis bis Martigny (nach Z.). 9. Ssp. chlorophyllum (Jordan) Z. - l: Le Treuen (P.); Ravoire ob Martigny (nach Z.). - 2: Ardon (Besse). - 3: Catogne (M:elly); Briex ob Chalais (Besse). 14. Ssp. argillaceum (Jordan) Z. (H. vulg. ssp. Lachenalii var. argillaceum Z.) - l: Gueuroz (P.); Vernayaz (Favrat); Salvan (J., Favrat). - 2: Follateres (P.); Tal der Lizerne; Conthey; Sitten (alles: Wolf); ob Ayent (P.); Crans (Besse). - 3: Liddes (Wilczek); Bovernier (J.); Riddes(P.);Bramois (Besse);Orchera im Val d'Heremence (Wolf); Niouc-Vissoie(Jaquet); Randa (Christ); Saastal, bis 1800 m (Hirschmann). - 4: Imfeld-Freiche im Binntal (E. Steiger). 17. Ssp. pinnatifidum (Lönnroth) Z. - l: Salvan, 900-1240m (nach Z.). 30. Ssp. Jaccardii Z. - l: Vouvry (Favre); Ravoire ob Martigny (Besse); Pas de la Crottaz, Grenze Waadt-Wallis (Garns). - 2: Saillon (Besse); ob Ayent (P.). - 3: Val Ferret; Volleges; Iserables; Evolene (alles: Besse); Val d'Herens (Spencer); unterhalb Zermatt (Wilczek); Visperterminen (nach Z.); Simplon (P.). - 4: Oberwald (Z.); Eginental (P.); Gerental(P.). 31. Ssp. paucifoliatum (Jordan) Z. (H. vulg. ssp. aurulentum var. paucifoliatum Z.) -3: Mayensde-Sion (nach Z.); Saastal,bis etwa 1650m (desgl.); Simplon (Favre).- 4:Fiesch(P.); zwischen Ausserbinn und der Twingen (E. Steiger);Binn (P); Oberwald(Z.). 44. Ssp. oresitrophum Z. - l: Bei Les Marecottes, 1100m (Coquoz). 51. Ssp. consociatum (Jordan) Z. (H. vulg. ssp. aurulentum var. consociatum Z.) - l: Emaney (P.); ob Les Marecottes (Coquoz). - 3: Mayens-de-Riddes (Besse); Simplon (Favre); Rotwald am Simplon (E. Steiger). - 4: Fiesch (P.). 52. Ssp. knafiiforme Coquoz et Z. - l: Les Marecottes, 1050m (Coquoz). 66. Ssp. pseudacuminatum Besse et Z. (vgl. Zahn Lit. 1925, S. 167) - 3: La Durand bei Riddes (Besse). 68. Ssp. pinnatifidoides de Palezieux et Z. (vgl. Zahn Lit. 1925, S. 166) - 3: Saastal (nach Z.); Simplonstrasse zwischen Rotwald und Kapfloch (P. u. a.). 69. Ssp. longifoliatum Coquoz et Z. - l: Le Sion ob Salvan (Coquoz); Cheseaux und Planajeur ob Les Marecottes, 1100-1270 m (idem). 71. Ssp. perscissum (Jordan) Z. - 3: Reposoir bei La Vouarda ob Riddes (Besse). 72. Ssp. aurulentum (Jordan) Z. (H. vulg. ssp. aurulentum Z. p. p.) - l: Emaney (nach Z.). - 3: Zermatt (Wolf); Saastal (Chenevard); um Saas-Fee, bis etwa 2000m (Hirschmann). - 4:Binn(nach Z.).