Science & Mathematics

Pedagogika tarixini o‘qitish jarayonida talabalarda tarixiy tafakkurni rivojlantirishning nazariy va amaliyasoslariyoritilgan. Tarixiy tafakkurning mazmuni, tarkibiy qismlari hamda uni shakllantirishga ta’sir etuvchi pedagogikomillar tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, tarixiy tafakkurni rivojlantirishga xizmat qiluvchi tayanch kompetensiyalar va zamonaviypedagogik yondashuvlarning ahamiyati ochib berilgan. Pedagogika tarixini o‘qitishda interaktiv metodlar, innovatsion texnologiyalarhamda tarixiy-qiyosiy tahlilning samaradorligi asoslab berilgan.

Galindon, John Michael M., Penneys, Darin S., Lagunday, Noel E., Tandang, Danilo N., Coritico, Fulgent P., Amoroso, Victor B., Fritsch, Peter W. (2021): Hypericum perryongii (Hypericaceae), a new species from Philippines. Phytotaxa 478 (1): 61-66, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.4

Research and Development Division, East India Pharmaceutical Works Ltd., Ottleuttra-31 Manuscript received 7 September 1973; accepted 23 March 1974 Kinetic runs with 2-methylthio-4, 5-diphenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazolium iodide (3) in 50% methanol (µ = 0.05) indicated that the rate constant (k0b) of the hydrolysis of 3 is practically pH independent at pH>4 with first order dependence on [substrate]. Partial inhibition of the hydrolysis at pH<4 and the negative salt effect are attributed to specific cationanion interaction. Hydrolysis of 3 is also s Abject to general base catalysis with Br\(\phi\)nsted constant β\(\simeq\)0.2. Increase in rate with decreasing polarity of the medium and the small magnitude of ΔS* are consistent with unimolecular break­down of a nonpolar intermediate. Probable course of the degradation of 3 has been discussed in the light of experimental data.

The folk aphorism "the more things change, the more they remain the same" (Karr, 1849) has circulated in human discourse for nearly two centuries without a satisfying account of *why* it is necessarily true. This paper provides that account: the aphorism is a Tralse statement whose necessity follows from the logical structure of observation and comparison itself. The core argument is this: **for any change to be observable, identity must be presupposed.** If what is observed at T₂ shares no domain with what was observed at T₁, there is no change — there are simply two unrelated objects that happen to share a label. Change is only visible against the backdrop of the identity that persists through it. This insight generalizes: **for any comparison to be meaningful, similarity must be assumed.** Two entities that share no common domain cannot be meaningfully compared — the attempt produces not falsehood but category error, the linguistic phenomenon known as "word salad." Tralseness — the simultaneous holding of identity and difference, sameness and change — is therefore not merely one of four truth-values that TI Sigma's 4-valued logic occasionally assigns. It is the *meta-logical precondition* for meaningful observation itself. Any statement worth making must exhibit at least partial Tralseness — at least enough domain overlap between its terms for the comparison to be meaningful. Observations that fail this condition are not false; they are not even false — they are outside the domain of truth-apt discourse entirely. This paper formalizes the Tralse Theorem of Identity, traces its antecedents in Heraclitus, Aristotle, and Wittgenstein, and shows its implications for the Tralse Topos Engine and for the general epistemological claim that Tralseness is the ground of all meaningful thought.

Maternal dietary pattern plays a crucial role in determining pregnancy and birth outcomes, especially among those mothers that are economically underprivileged and are more vulnerable to insufficient nutrition. Because of the increased physiological demands of gestation, pregnant women are especially susceptible to various nutritional deficiencies. Iron, folate, calcium, iodine, and vitamin B12 deficiencies are frequently caused by inadequate dietary intake, particularly in women from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. This study highlights the relationship between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and birth outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, small for gestational age, increased risk of diseases, and child mortality. Several previously done studies have revealed that poor maternal diet significantly increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. Socioeconomic constraints, food insufficiency, and restricted nutritional awareness remarkably affects the health status of low-income mothers.

Abstract: In this article, attempt was made to review the available information on Hamdani sheep which is native especially to the plain areas of Erbil. Hamdani is considered the largest breed among Iraqi sheep. The body is white with a long black and fine-bone head. Both rams and ewes are polled; the ears are very pendulous and most ewes have well developed udders with a large long teat. Hamdani like other Iraqi sheep were exposed over a long period of time to the rigorous and sever semi-dry condition, draught, feed shortage and prevailing disease. Hence, their adaptation to such condition was at the expensive of economic characteristics. Hamdani sheep have a potential for improvement particularly milk which display over whelming ranges. Additionally, hormonal treatment and flushing could improve their reproductive performance. However, the breed is not well characterized and much work should be carried out to explore the potential of this breed for economic traits.

In case of combined pharmacotherapy, between drugs can occur interactions, which can be dangerous to the life and health of patients. Such combinations of drugs are considered to be one of the serious clinical problems, and are considered as errors that can be prevented. Therefore, it is relevant to determine the frequency of such appointments for further work on their prevention. Aim of the research. Determine the structure and prevalence of the appointments of potentially dangerous combinations of drugs in the treatment of patients under inpatient treatment for further optimization of pharmacotherapy. Materials and methods. In the automated mode, the lists of medical appointments of patients who were under inpatient treatment of 30 health facilities of Zhytomyr region in 2017 were monitored for the purpose of the simultaneous use of drugs, the interaction of which is dangerous. For further analysis by the levels of clinical significance using the Drug Interaction Checker system, the "Major" (hazardous) and "Moderate" (significant) combinations were selected on the Internet resource www.drugs.com. The frequency of the appointments of dangerous combinations, their prevalence by the nosological classes and the profiles of the offices of medical institutions was determined. Results. As a result of the monitoring of 69405 cases, it was found that the average number of prescriptions per patient was 5.6±1.2 titles. In 1390 cases of treatment (2.0 % of 69405) simultaneously prescribed medicines, the interaction of which could be dangerous. In the structure of dangerous combinations, 81.5 % is taken with the simultaneous administration of drugs containing active substances ketorolac and pentoxifylline. The frequency of potentially dangerous appointments was greatest in the treatment of patients with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs (D50-D89) – 11.6 %, in diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99) – 7.7 %, in diseases of the nervous system – 5.0 % of all cases of treatment.

It is shown that strong convexity/concavity of a component of the vector field, as a function of the state variables, induces the same property on the corresponding component of the flow , as a function of the initial condition. Such an inherited property is then instrumental, for instance, for establishing several instability theorems, the proofs of which rely precisely on consequences of convexity/concavity of the flow with respect to the initial condition. Furthermore, the property of convexity/concavity permits the construction of a canonical Chetaev function to certify instability without explicitly resorting to the computation of the flow. Finally, necessary conditions for continuous stabilizability are derived, hence putting the properties of convexity/concavity of the vector field in relation to the well-known Brockett's theorem.

Microbial inoculants are widely accepted as potential alternatives or complements to chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. However, there remains a lack of knowledge regarding their application and effects under field conditions. Thus, a quantitative description of the scientific literature related to soil microbial inoculants was conducted, adopting a science mapping approach to observe trends, strengths, and weaknesses of their application during the period of 2000–2020 and providing useful insights for future research. Overall, the study retrieved 682 publications with an increasing number during the 2015–2020 period, confirming China, India, and the U.S. as leading countries in microbial inoculants research. Over the last decade, the research field emphasized the use of microbial consortia rather than single strains, with increasing attention paid to sustainability and environmental purposes by means of multidisciplinary approaches. Among the emerging topics, terms such as “persistence” indicate the actual need for detecting and monitoring the persistence and fate of soil microbial inoculants. On the other hand, the low occurrence of terms related to failed studies as well as formulation processes may have limited the overall comprehension of the real potential of microbial inoculants to date. In conclusion, successful application of soil microbial inoculants in agriculture requires filling the fundamental knowledge gaps related to the processes that govern dynamics and interactions of the inoculants with soil and its native microbiota

Rojas-Alvarado, Gustavo, Blanco, Mario A., Karremans, Adam P. (2021): A taxonomic synopsis and morphological characterization of Myoxanthus (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae). Phytotaxa 507 (3): 211-258, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.507.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.3.1

Staff potential of Russian science in the context of global trends.

INTRODUCTION: salivary gland tumors a diverse group of lesions that by virtue of its rarity as well as clinical, histological and morphological diversity pose a challenge to the pathologist.The role of oncogenic viruses in the pathogenesis of salivary gland has been studied and researched from as early as 1950s.Even with the advent of newer diagnostic techniques, researches done to establish a relationship between salivary gland tumors and oncogenic viruses has reached a standstill because of the controversies in the results obtained from previous studies AIM: To critically analyse the literature available correlating oncogenic viruses in the development of salivary gland tumors in an attempt to establish the role of oncogenic viruses in salivary gland tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Articles published till 2018 December were chosen for the study. Articles were chosen for the study in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria and PRISMA checklist was followed for selection of the articles for this study. RESULTS: Total of 285 articles were obtained after searching databases like PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS, COCHRANE and after screening the collected articles following the inclusion and exclusion criteria 24 articles were selected and analysed. CONCLUSION: After analysing all the selected articles, it was found that there could be a possible role of oncogenic viruses in the pathogenesis of salivary gland neoplasms. Among the viruses studied, HPV, EBV and CMV were the ones that have been shown to have an increased association in comparison with the other viruses in question. Further studies correlating these viruses are needed for further justification of the statement.

Mazkur maqolada iqtisodiy jarayonlarni matematik modellashtirishning nazariy asoslari yoritilgan. Iqtisodiy jarayonlar mohiyati, ularni matematik ifodalash zarurati, chiziqli algebra elementlarining iqtisodiy tahlildagi o‘rni hamda iqtisodiy modellarni qurishda chiziqli bog‘lanishlardan foydalanish masalalari batafsil tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalari iqtisodiy qarorlar qabul qilishda matematik modellashtirishning muhimligini ko‘rsatadi.