Science & Mathematics

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De overheid en het marktmechanisme

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Данная научная статья представляет обзор зарубежного опыта активизации экономической актив-ности домохозяйств. В статье рассматриваются различные методы и механизмы поддержки, включая социальныепособия, образовательные программы, финансовую поддержку, стимулирование предпринимательства и инве-стиции в инновации. Анализируются эффективность программ в контексте стимулирования экономической актив-ности домохозяйств. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для разработки более эффективныхстратегий и мероприятий по поддержке экономической активности национальных домохозяйств.

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3.2.23 Synalpheus paraneomeris Coutière, 1905 (Figs 37–38) Synalpheus paraneomeris Coutière, 1905. Fauna and Geog. Maid, and Laccad., 2(4): 872, pl. 71, fig. 7; Banner, 1953. Pacif. Sci., 7(1): 40, fig. 13–14; 1956. Pacif. Sci., 10(3): 331, fig. 6; Banner & Banner, 1975. Records of the Australian Museum, 29(12): pl. 383, fig. 29. Synalpheus paraneomeris halmaherensis de Man, 1909. Tijdschr. ned. dierk. Vereen, 11(2): 122. Synalpheus paraneomeris praedabundus de Man, 1909. Tijdschr. ned. dierk. Vereen, 11(2): 123. Synalpheus paraneomeris prolatus de Man, 1911. Siboga Exped., 39(2): 241 (cf. Banner 1953: 43). Synalpheus paraneomeris prasalini Coutière, 1921. Trans. Finn. Soc. Fond. IF., 17(4): 415, pl. 61, fig. 6. Synalpheus paraneomeris seychellensis Coutière, 1921. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. II, 17(4): 415, pl. 61, fig. 7. Synalpheus townsendi Coutière, 1909. Proc. U. S. nat. Mus., 36 (1659): 32 (partim cf. Banner, 1953: 44). Material examined. CL 3.2–5.7 mm, TL 6.9–14.3 mm. (MBM 158980), 22 ovigerous ♀, 37♂, Chenhang Island N-side, Xisha Islands, 18 May 1981, coll. Zhao-Hong Meng, Hui-Lian Chen; (MBM 270026), 1♂, Panshi Yu, Xisha Islands, 15 April 1975; (MBM 157973), 1♂, Jinqing Island, Xisha Islands, 25 April 1958, coll. Zhen-Gang Fan, Jie-Shan Xu; (MBM 107762), 2 ovigerous ♀, Shi Island, Xisha Islands, 10 May 1980, coll. Xiu-Bin Fang; (MBM 158852), 1 ovigerous ♀, Nansha Islands, 14 May 1990; (MBM 107748), 2♂, depth 1–3 m, 26 March 1992; (MBM 107750), 1 ovigerous ♀, Dong Island, Xisha Islands, 28–31 May 1980; (MBM 107746), 10 ovigerous ♀, 10♂,, Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands, 11–13 June 1980, coll. Xiu-Bin Fang; (MBM 157909), 1♂; (MBM 158233), 1 ovigerous ♀, Dazhou Island, 12 June 1957; (MBM 107753), 1♂, Dong Island, Xisha Islands, 28–31 May 1980, coll. Xiu-Bin Fang; (MBM 107759), 1 ovigerous ♀, Jinyin Island, Xisha Islands,, 15 May 1980, coll. Xiu-Bin Fang; (MBM 158296), 1♂, Dong Island, Xisha Islands, 9 June 1975, coll. Xian-Qiu Ren; (MBM 107757), 1 ovigerous ♀, Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands, 11–13 June 1980, coll. Xiu-Bin Fang. (MBM 233239), 2♂, Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands, Sta. 3, 26 May 1975; (MBM 157802), 1 ovigerous ♀, Dong Island, Xisha Islands, 28–31 May 1980; (MBM 233267), 3 ovigerous ♀, 3♂, Dong Island, Xisha Islands, Sta. 5–9, 9 June 1975; (MBM 158204), 1♂, Sanya, Dadonghai, 1 March 1997, coll. Xin-Zheng Li. (MBM 157802), 1 ovigerous ♀; (MBM 157995), 1♂, Xisha Islands, June 1958, coll. Shu-Lian Zheng; (MBM 157827), 6 ovigerous ♀, 3♂; (MBM 158499), 2♂; (MBM 158308),1 ovigerous ♀, Shi Island, Xisha Islands, 8 May 1975; (MBM 107749), 1 ovigerous ♀, Chenhang Island, Xisha Islands, 18 May 1980, coll. Xiu-Bin Fang; 2 ovigerous ♀, Subi Reef, Nansha Islands, depth 2 m, 11 May 2004, coll. Yong-Qiang Wang; 1 ovigerous ♀, Subi Reef, Nansha Islands, depth 1.3 m, 4 May 2004, coll. Yong-Qiang Wang; 1 ovigerous ♀, 1♂, Subi Reef, Nansha Islands, depth 3 m, 6 May 2004, coll. Yong-Qiang Wang; 2 ovigerous ♀, 3♂, Subi Reef, Nansha Islands, depth 3 m, 10 May 2004, coll. Yong-Qiang Wang; 2 ovigerous ♀, 2♂, Subi Reef, Nansha Islands, depth 1.5 m, 1 May 2004, coll. Yong-Qiang Wang; (MBM 107747), 1♂, Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands, 11 June 1980, coll. Xiu-Bin Fang. © Zoological Systematics, 40(4): 357–435 © Zoological Systematics, 40(4): 357–435 Description. Carapace smooth, glabrous; rostrum about 2.3 times as long as wide at base, acute tip not reaching end of first segment of antennular peduncle; orbital hoods shorter than rostrum, wider at base than long; pterygostomial corner produced into acute angle; cardiac notch well developed. Telson about 1.3 times as long as wide at base; dorsal surface with two pairs of spines, inserted approximately at 1/2 and 2/3 length of telson; posterior margin strongly produced, fringed with long setae, posterolateral angle each with two pairs of spines, lateral about 1/3 length of mesial, posterolateral margins each produced into small acute tooth, distinctly shorter than contiguous short spines. Eyes concealed in dorsal view, exposed in lateral view. Antennular peduncle moderately slender, with distally acute stylocerite, latter reaching middle of second segment of antennular peduncle; second segment about 1.5 times as long as wide at base; visible part of first segment longer than second and less twice as long as third. Basicerite without distodorsal tooth, distolateral tooth near as long as stylocerite, overreaching end of first segment of antennular peduncle; carpocerite far overreaching end of third segment of antennular peduncle; scaphocerite blade moderately narrow, hardly reaching end of third segment of antennular peduncle, lateral spine developed, overreaching end of antennular peduncle, much shorter than carpocerite. Third maxilliped far beyond antennular peduncle and carpocerite when extended; antepenultimate segment longest; penultimate segment about 1.5 times as long as wide at base; tip of ultimate segment bearing crown of five long spine-like setae, with transverse rows of setae along ventral margin. Major cheliped with short, stout ischium; merus about 3.5 times as long as wide at base, superodistal margin with one acute triangular tooth; carpus cup-shaped, with setae distodorsally; palm about 2.5 times as long as dactylus, distodorsal of palm slightly projecting; dactylus as long as pollex, distally slightly curved. Minor chela with merus about 3.6 times as long as wide at base, superodistal margin with one acute triangular tooth; carpus cup-shaped, proportionally longer that of major cheliped; palm about 1.3 times as long as fingers; dactylus and pollex tapering, distal single tooth. © Zoological Systematics, 40(4): 357–435 Second pereiopod with ischium shorter than merus; carpus five-segmented, segment ratio subequal to 7: 1.2: 1.5: 1.2: 2.6, with first segment longer than sum of last four segment; dorsal margin of palm convex; fingers near as long as palm. Third pereiopod moderately stout; merus slightly longer than propodus, about 3.5 times as long as wide at base; carpus about 1/2 length of merus, with dorsal margin extended into an obtuse tooth, ventral margin with one distal spine; propodus with 4–5 spines along ventral margin plus one distal pair of spines near dactylus; dactylus about 1/4 length of propodus, slightly curved to propodus, biunguiculate, extensor tooth slightly longer than flexor tooth, notch between extensor and flexor tooth V-shaped, flexor tooth much wider at base than extensor tooth. Fourth pereiopod generally similar to third; merus near as long as propodus; ventral margin of propodus with 4–5 spines plus one distal pair of spines. Fifth pereiopod similar to third and fourth pereiopod, ventral margin of carpus without distal one spine; ventral margin of propodus with five transversal rows of spine-like setae and one spines. Remarks. This species was originally described by Coutière (1905). The present specimens show similar variability as the Australian specimens. However, one specimens has a much inflated major chela (Fig. 38c–d), which was not reported before. Miya (1972) described this species from Japan. His description was different from the present description in four ways: the rostrum more slender and reaching the middle of the second segment of the antennular peduncle rather than the end of the first segment; distal superior margin of the palm in the major chela with one tooth; the ventral margin of the propodus in third pereiopods with 7–8 spines rather than 4–5 spines; two pairs of spines of the telson more larger. Distribution. South China Sea; Maldive Archipelago; Indonesia; Japan (variety?); Philippines; Mariana; Caroline; Marshall; Gilbert; Fiji; Samoa; Line and Hawaiian Islands; Australian.

Ушбу мақолада дастлабки тергов жараёнида инсон ҳуқуқ ва эркинликларини таъминлашда ҳимоячи — адвокатнинг ўрни ва аҳамияти илмий-ҳуқуқий жиҳатдан таҳлил қилиниб, Ўзбекистон Республикасининг жиноят-процессуал қонунчилиги, хусусан Жиноят-процессуал кодекси нормалари асосида дастлабки терговнинг мазмун-моҳияти, ушбу босқичда процесс иштирокчиларининг ҳуқуқларини чеклаш эҳтимоли ҳамда бундай ҳолатларда ҳимоячининг процессуал кафолат сифатидаги роли ёритиб берилган. Шунингдек, мамлакатимизда адвокатура соҳасида амалга оширилаётган ислоҳотлар, адвокатлар фаолиятининг конституциявий ва қонунчилик асослари, статистик маълумотлар таҳлили орқали инсон ҳуқуқларини таъминлашда адвокатура институтининг аҳамияти очиб берилган.

Ushbu maqolada boshlang’ich sinf o‘qituvchilarining kreativlik qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirish, salohiyatini oshirish, dunyoqarashini boyitish ta’lim texnologiyalari bilan tanishtirish asosida kreativ tafakkurini rivojlantirish haqida so’z bormoqda.

Hexelasma arafurae Hoek, 1913Hexelasma arafurae Hoek, 1913: 251, pl. 25 figs. 12–16. — Jones, 2000: 246, fig. 51, tables 28–31.Distribution. Indonesia, Arafura Sea.(200); (Jones, 2000).

The project is aimed at Al Zahra and Al Hakim Hospitals to focus on patient dosimetry and the establishment of diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for routine X-ray examinations (anteroposterior (abdomen) and (chest) posteroanterior). Ionizing radiation has biological effects that can be harmful, and therefore, it is important to monitor and optimize the radiation dose delivered to patients during medical imaging. The results of the previous studies showed that there are significant differences in radiation dose, so it is important to adopt local DRLs to make the patient safer and improve the radiation practice. Measure radiation doses during anteroposterior (AP) abdomen and posteroanterior (PA) chest radiography exams, set diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) to optimize the practice and improve patient safety. The present study is a prospective study involving 50 cases from Al-Hakim General Hospital and 50 cases from Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, with the majority of cases in 1-14 age group (during November 2025). Radiation doses at both hospitals were often higher than international diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) (esd), with Specific findings including higher kVp and mAs values, alluding to increased radiation levels during X-ray exams. It was finally concluded that both Al Zahra and Al Hakim Hospitals have higher ESD than recommended by DRLs. To overcome this, it is important to: Standardize the settings for X-ray exposures. Do periodic quality assurance on X-ray machines. Provide radiographers with training on dose optimization.

In the context of the requirements of the Water Framework Directive to reinstate a river's good ecological status after being severely altered by human pressures, river restoration became a major topic in the last decade in the EU and the number of projects implemented especially on hydromorphology increased. However, it is still uncertain whether these restoration measures have positive cumulative effects, i.e. hydromorphological effectiveness, when compared to reference conditions and expectations of stakeholders, because of inconsistent methodologies. Therefore, the goal of our project is to develop a methodology to evaluate the hydromorphological effectiveness of river restoration, based on standardised indicators, at various spatial scales, appropriate for implemented measures and for restored river types, weighting the expectations of actors and adapted to case studies in Romania. This methodological protocol could become also a useful tool to create a strategy and make decisions in the practice of river restoration. Moreover, this kind of analysis could contribute to clarifying the issue of standards in environmental projects.

Este artigo analisa o panorama da segurança pública no meio rural e sua correlação com os processos de juventude e sucessão rural, sob a ótica do desenvolvimento rural sustentável. O recorte espacial delimitado compreende a mesorregião Oeste do Estado do Paraná. Desenvolvida entre outubro e novembro de 2025, a pesquisa possui natureza qualitativa e caráter exploratório, utilizando os métodos bibliográfico e documental. A fundamentação teórica e empírica estruturou-se a partir de artigos, dissertações e teses do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, legislações vigentes e dados institucionais provenientes da Polícia Rodoviária Federal (PRF), SESP-PR, IBGE, Observatório Territorial e do Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região (TRF-4). Os resultados demonstram que crimes transfronteiriços, como o contrabando, e delitos patrimoniais geram severos prejuízos socioeconômicos às famílias rurais, atuando como vetores de aceleração do êxodo rural. Verificou-se que o fortalecimento das patrulhas rurais e dos órgãos de segurança é imperativo para a permanência do homem no campo, especialmente se articulado à Política Nacional e ao Plano Nacional de Juventude e Sucessão Rural (Lei Federal nº 15.178/2025). Conclui-se que a consolidação de instituições eficazes e a promoção de políticas públicas integradas são cruciais para mitigar a violência no campo, convergindo com as metas do 16º Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da ONU, que preconiza a paz, a justiça e o acesso universal à jurisdição.

Das Familienleitbild legt Ausrichtung und Schwerpunkte des Regierungsrats in der Familienpolitik fest. Darüber hinaus dient es dem Regierungsrat und der kantonalen Verwaltung, insbesondere der Fachstelle Familien und Gleichstellung, als Referenzrahmen bei der Umsetzung von Zielen und Massnahmen im Bereich der Familienpolitik.