Science & Mathematics

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This research aims to shed light on the effectiveness of foreign trade on selected macroeconomic indicators in Iraq during the period 2004–2023. To achieve this objective, the study employed a deductive approach that integrates both a theoretical descriptive method based on economic theory and a quantitative method through the use of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. This model was applied to measure the impact of foreign trade on several key macroeconomic indicators. The findings revealed that foreign trade plays a significant role in influencing macroeconomic indicators over the study period. Specifically, the highest level of effectiveness in changes to public expenditure was attributed to trade openness, which accounted for 66% of the total short-run impact. This was followed by the effectiveness of total exports at 36%, and total imports at 25%. Conversely, the highest impact on inflation rate fluctuations stemmed from total imports, which contributed 273% of the total short-run effect. This was followed by total exports, with a short-run impact of 76%, and trade openness with 62% of the total short-run effect on inflation. Based on these results, the study concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at diversifying Iraq's oil and non-oil exports and emphasizing the development of productive sectors to reduce dependency on imports, particularly consumer goods. Such measures are essential to address the structural issues facing the Iraqi economy and to achieve real growth rates and sustainable development.

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Trapp, Marília Almeida, Kai, Marco, Mithöfer, Axel, Rodrigues-Filho, Edson (2015): Antibiotic oxylipins from Alternanthera brasiliana and its endophytic bacteria. Phytochemistry 110: 72-82, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.005, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.005

Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) crassicollis (Villot, 1875) Lühe, 1911 Syn. Plagiorhynchus lanceolatus (von Linstow, 1876) Lühe, 1911 Material studied. BMNH 1928.2.17.91, from small intestine of Charadrius hiaticula L., Great Britain (detailed locality data not known), whole-mount of 2 specimens (1 slide) (material listed by Baylis, 1928); BMNH 1936.8.17.124-140, from small intestine of C. hiaticula, Weymouth, Dorset, England, wet material (material listed by Baylis 1939). Description (Fig. 1) Based on 10 male and 12 female specimens from Charadrius dubius, Weymouth, Dorset, England (BMNH 1936.8.17.124-140). General. Trunk elliptical, almost ovoid, narrowing posteriorly. Transverse vessels of lacunar system form dense reticulum of large polygons. Proboscis cylindrical, situated at angle to axis of trunk. Proboscis armament consists of 19-20 longitudinal rows of 13-14 (12) hooks; first 8 (9) hooks longest, next 2 smaller and last 3 hooks smallest; all hooks with posteriorly directed roots. Neck short (partly or completely withdrawn in some specimens), trapezoidal. Proboscis receptacle doublewalled. Lemnisci band-shaped (bifurcate in single specimen), longer than proboscis receptacle. Male. Trunk 2.4-5.2 long, 1.0-1.64 wide. Proboscis (completely everted in only 2 specimens) 0.56-0.62 long, 0.16 wide. Length of first 8 hooks – blade 32-42 µm, root 32-44 µm; length of next 2 hooks – blade 29 µm, root 25-32 µm; length of last 3 hooks – 25-27 (29) µm, root 13-22 µm. Neck (in 2 specimens) c.0.1 long. Proboscis receptacle 0.70-0.95 long and 0.16-0.25 wide. Lemnisci 1.0-2.6 long, 0.09-0.15 wide. Testes oval to spherical, 0.30-0.80 long, 0.23-0.41 wide, situated in tandem and slightly overlapping one another, in middle region of trunk. Cement glands 6 in number, of different lengths, 0.30-0.95 long, situated immediately posterior to hind testis. Duct of cement glands 0.35-0.65 long. Genital bursa (everted in single specimen) 0.25 long, 0.30 wide. Female. Trunk 2.64-7.0 long, 1.21-2.9 wide. Proboscis (completely everted in only 2 specimens) 0.66-0.7 long, 0.17-0.19 wide. Length of first 8 (9) hooks – blade 37-44 (49) µm, root 34-54 µm; length of next 2 hooks – blade 34-39 µm, root 27-39 µm; length of last 3 hooks blade – 17-29 µm, root 15-27 µm. Neck 0.15-0.17 long. Proboscis receptacle 0.72-1.1 long, 0.24-0.27 wide. Lemnisci 1.0-1.9 long, 0.1-0.13 wide. Female genital tract c.1.2-1.45 long. Vagina provided with 2 sphincters. Genital pore slightly subterminal, at 0.06-0.12 from posterior end of trunk. Fully-developed eggs were observed in 4 specimens (5.1-7.0 long). Eggs elongate-oval, shuttle-shaped, with polar prolongations, 91-134 (135) × 25-42 µm. Additional data. (based on 2 male specimens from C. hiaticula, BMNH 1928.2.17.91). Trunk 4.0- 4.7 in length, 1.4-1.55 wide. Proboscis 0.48-0.5 long. Proboscis armament consists of 20 longitudinal rows of 11-12 hooks in each row. Measurements and morphology of hooks are similar to material from Dorset. Neck very short (40-63 µm long). Testes spherical, 0.60-0.65 long, 0.75-0.87 wide. Cement glands 0.55-1.0 long. Remarks. There are only a few descriptions of this species (Lühe 1911; Petrochenko 1958; Belopol’skaya 1983; del Valle and Coy Otero 1990). Only female specimens were described by Petrochenko (1958) from Phalaropus lobatus (L.) [= P. hyperboreus (L.)] in Kazakhstan. Compared to previous descriptions of the same species (Lühe 1911; Belopol’skaya 1983), the specimens from Kazakhstan differ in the shape and the length of the trunk (elongate-cylindrical and 17 mm long versus oval and c. 7 mm long), the shape of the proboscis (oval versus cylindrical) and the number of longitudinal rows of hooks (16 longitudinal rows of hooks versus 18-20). In addition, there are differences in the dimensions of the eggs: 84 × 16 µm (Petrochenko 1958) versus 110 × 49 µm (Lühe 1911). Consequently, it seems likely that the specimens from Kazakhstan described by Petrochenko (1958) belong to another species. Del Valle and Coy Otero (1990) reported P. crassicollis from Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia Ord in Cuba. According to their description, the armature of the proboscis consists of 18 longitudinal rows of 10-11 hooks per row. However, judging by the drawing of the proboscis (figure 1c in del Valle and Coy Otero 1990), the number of hooks per row is at least 18. Comparing the morphometric data of the present specimens with the descriptions of Lühe (1911) and Belopol’skaya (1983), there are several differences. The maximum number of hooks per longitudinal row in the specimens studied is greater, i.e. 11-14 versus 11-12 (Lühe 1911) or 13 (Belopol’skaya 1983). The male specimens among our material (see ‘Additional data’ above) are in close accordance with the description of Lühe (1911); however, they have a smaller proboscis, i.e. 0.48-0.50 versus 0.60 mm. A difference in the females relates to the size of eggs, which are larger in our specimens, i.e. 91-134 × 25-42 µm compared to 110 × 49 µm (Lühe 1911) and 88-102 × 27-34 µm (del Valle and Coy Otero 1990). One immature female from the same host specimen (Dorset material) possesses a longer proboscis (0.76 mm) and a greater number of hooks per row (15-16). According to these characters, we consider it as belonging to Plagiorhynchus odhneri Lundström, 1942 (see ‘Additional data’ for P. odhneri). P. (P.) crassicollis was previously reported from Charadrius hiaticula (= Aegialitis hiaticula) in the United Kingdom (Baylis 1928, 1939), once apparently in a mixed infection with P. odhneri (see below). It is mainly a parasite of charadriiform birds throughout the western Palaearctic [(Germany, France, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Russia (the White and Baltic Sea coasts)] (Lühe 1911; Belopol’skaya 1983; Hansson 1997; Reimer 2002; Gibson 2004). There are also occasional records from the Nearctic [Greenland (Hansson 1997)] and Neotropical [Cuba (del Valle and Coy Otero 1990)] Regions.

Today, we can see rapid growth in genetic and biochemical engineering. Genetic engineering is a young branch of biotechnology that involves the inclusion, removal, or movement of DNA fragments. However, there are great risks associated with the not fully understood side of using the fruits of this science. This article is written to explore this topic, namely to explore the potential benefits and risks of genetic editing. The topic is now more relevant than ever, as today we are surrounded by a large number of artificially genetically edited organisms, including food and even feed for farm animals. The use of gene editing for human treatment is also becoming more frequent. However, there is a great distrust in society of genetically modified organisms without good reasons, often not illusory. To date, there is no research that completely refutes or confirms the fact that genetic modifications are dangerous. The main purpose of this article is to study and provide a compact overview of the principles and risks of genetic changes. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are put forward: 1) Consider various gene editing methods and their operating principles. 2) Research the risks and problems that genetics faces when editing, as well as the risks of using genetic modifications. 3) To study examples of the main achievements and successful application of GM.

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Analizamos los antecedentes en la génesis de percepciones conflicto trabajo-familia y viceversa. De acuerdo con la teoría de rol, se hipotetiza que las tensiones de rol familiar generan percepciones de conflicto familia-trabajo y que las tensiones de rol laboral se asociarán con percepciones de conflicto trabajo-familia. Al mismo tiempo, se analiza el papel modulador del género y de la prioridad de carrera en el trabajador. Un total de 85 trabajadores participaron en la recogida de datos que consistió en medidas autoinforme. En general, los resultados obtenidos confirman las relaciones iniciales. Las mujeres mostraron mayor vulnerabilidad a las tensiones de rol que los hombres. Estos, que mostraron diferencialmente mayor tendencia al equilibrio entre roles laborales y familiares, padecieron índices de interferencia ligeramente menores al de las trabajadoras. Se proponen nuevos trabajos para profundizar en las complejas relaciones entre los ámbitos de desarrollo humano.

O presente artigo investiga criticamente a dissociação contemporânea entre espiritualidade e religião, tomando como eixo comparativo os pensamentos de Immanuel Kant e Abraham Maslow. A partir da tensão entre as noções de “espiritualidade sem religião” e “religião sem espiritualidade”, analisa-se como tais categorias se constituem como expressões da experiência humana em contextos marcados pela pluralidade de crenças, a secularização e a reconfiguração subjetiva do sagrado. Kant fundamenta a espiritualidade na razão prática e na autonomia moral, defendendo que a religião só é legítima quando se submete à ética racional e contribui para a dignidade humana. Já Maslow compreende a espiritualidade como dimensão da autorrealização, expressa por meio de experiências subjetivas de integração, sentido e transcendência, mesmo fora dos marcos religiosos tradicionais. A análise demonstra que espiritualidade e religião não são categorias excludentes, mas dimensões complementares que, embora distintas, podem se fecundar mutuamente quando articuladas por valores éticos e pela busca genuína de sentido. O estudo também problematiza fenômenos como a teologia da prosperidade e os movimentos de espiritualidade não-diretiva, apontando os riscos da instrumentalização da fé e da dissolução do compromisso moral. Por fim, sugere-se a ampliação dos referenciais teóricos para além do Ocidente e a realização de pesquisas empíricas sobre vivências espirituais cotidianas. Conclui-se que a espiritualidade ética e reflexiva permanece como via legítima de construção de sentido, sobretudo quando aliada à responsabilidade moral e ao reconhecimento da alteridade.