Science & Mathematics

An integrated experimental and Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) study is presented for homogeneous premixed combustion in a spark-ignition engine. The engine is a single-cylinder two-valve optical research engine with transparent liner and piston: the Transparent Combustion Chamber (TCC) engine. This is a relatively simple, open engine configuration that can be used for LES model development and validation by other research groups. Pressure-based combustion analysis, optical diagnostics and LES have been combined to generate new physical insight into the early stages of combustion. The emphasis has been on developing strategies for making quantitative comparisons between high-speed/high-resolution optical diagnostics and LES using common metrics for both the experiments and the simulations, and focusing on the important early flame development period. Results from two different LES turbulent combustion models are presented, using the same numerical methods and computational mesh. Both models yield Cycle-to-Cycle Variations (CCV) in combustion that are higher than what is observed in the experiments. The results reveal strengths and limitations of the experimental diagnostics and the LES models, and suggest directions for future diagnostic and simulation efforts. In particular, it has been observed that flame development between the times corresponding to the laminar-to-turbulent transition and 1% mass-burned fraction are especially important in establishing the subsequent combustion event for each cycle. This suggests a range of temporal and spatial scales over which future experimental and simulation efforts should focus.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) can help enterprises evaluate their product’s environmental impacts through the entire product life cycle (PLC). On the basis of the evaluation result, phases which need to take activities to reduce the environmental impacts can be found out. However, the activities taken in a phase may influence the environmental impacts in other phases, so the effect of the activities should be re-evaluated. Under the pressure from the market, enterprises need to assess the effect of these activities quickly. Nevertheless, re-evaluate by using conventional LCA is a time-consuming work. This paper proposes a novel approach to re-evaluate the environmental impacts of product based on LCA and Pareto rule which can reduce the time of assessment. A printed circuit board (PCB) case study is conducted using this approach. The outcome shows that the new approach can re-evaluate the environmental impacts more efficiently without influence the validity.

La comedia ¿Cómo ha de ser el privado? es la única obra dramática completa de Quevedo en haber llegado hasta nosostros. Se estudiaron abundantemente las referencias más o menos implícitas a la actualidad de esta primera década del reinado de Felipe IV, especialmente el episodio novelesco de la llegada a Madrid del príncipe inglés Carlos de Gales, pretendiente secreto de la infanta Maria Ana, en la primavera de 1623; las fiestas que se dieron en la corte para agasajar al príncipe; el rechazo, por razones religiosas, de la Infanta y finalmente la reacción agraviada del inglés, que intentó abordar con su flota en el puerto de Cádiz en 1625, rompiendo así la tregua instaurada entre España e Inglaterra por el tratado de Londres en 1604. También se subrayaron las referencias a otros acontecimientos de estos años, como la muerte de la hija de Olivares, ocasión en la que el privado demostró una fuerza de ánimo admirable, la captura de la Flota de la Plata en otoño de 1628, y las bodas de la infanta María Ana con el rey de Hungría y Bohemia, el 12 de octubre de 1629. Mi perspectiva es otra: generalmente, no se le concede a la comedia de Quevedo el mínimo mérito teatral, y se le reprocha sobre todo su «falta de acción dramática ». Quisiera, en un primer momento, cuestionar esta apreciación tan negativa, que para mí radica en un contrasentido inicial muy equitativamente difundido entre los críticos. Por otra parte, en este drama quevediano, la acción principal no fracasa en proponer una definición moral dinámica, sino que, sencillamente, es otra.

L'extension de l'utilisation des consoles graphiques est freinée par le prix élevé du matériel existant. Ce coût peut être abaissé par l'utilisation d'un téléviseur. Pour permettre le rafraîchissement d'un tel écran à balayage de trame, il est nécessaire de disposer d'une mémoire d'image où tous les points sont codés sur un bit en Noir et Blanc (ce qui correspond à 256 K bits pour 512 x 512 points), et davantage en couleur. Une telle capacité devient raisonnable vu l'augmentation de densité des mémoires intégrées, à condition que l'électronique de gestion de la mémoire d'image soit simple. L'intégration de celle-ci en un circuit LSI, comprenant en outre un générateur de vecteurs et de caractères câblé, prévu pour un couplage par bus microprocesseur, est l'objet de ce travail. Le circuit permet une grande vitesse d'écriture (1,3 microseconde par point), et une grande versatilité, tant dans le format d'affichage (64 x 64 jusqu'à 512 x 512 points avec un nombre quelconque de niveaux de gris ou de couleurs) que dans le couplage microprocesseur (bus 8 bits bidirectionnel de données, bus d'adresse de 4 bits, signaux de lecture-écriture et requête d'interruption). Dans le but de simplifier l'implantation topologique d'un tel circuit (équivalent à 2000 portes) très peu répétitif, la structure logique et géométrique d'un ensemble de fonctions de base ("briques") est proposée. La structure fonctionnelle de chacune des parties du circuit est ensuite étudiée, suivie de son implantation topologique, utilisant au mieux les briques précédemment définies.

*«Et si on permettait aux étudiants et aux enseignants de démarrer en toute autonomie des services numériques depuis un catalogue en ligne ?!» (Bases de données, CMS, environnements de développement, etc...)* C'est le défi que la Direction du Numérique de l'Université de Lorraine a souhaité relever dès 2023, en développant la plateforme *SaaS* pédagogique *Kapps'UL*. Un projet ambitieux qui a rapidement soulevé des questions fondamentales : *Quelles technologies utiliser pour industrialiser les déploiements de services ? *Comment sécuriser le contexte d'exécution d'un service ? *Comment maîtriser la consommation des ressources ? *Quelles solutions employer pour simplifier l'expérience utilisateur ? Dans une démarche encouragée par la doctrine [*«cloud au centre»*](https://www.numerique.gouv.fr/services/cloud/doctrine/) du gouvernement, nous avons développé ce nouveau service en nous appuyant essentiellement sur des projets OpenSource maintenus par la communauté *«Cloud Native Computing Foundation»* (CNCF). En ouvrant l'accès à 5 campus pilotes, 250 utilisateurs ont pu évaluer la solution et nous faire part de leurs retours d'expérience durant l'année universitaire 2023/2024. Suite à l'intégration de *Kapps'UL* au projet ANR *«Projet Lorrain d'Environnement numérIque pour les Apprentissages DurablES»* ([PLEIADES](https://www.univ-lorraine.fr/pleiades/)), nous avons obtenu le financement d'un poste de développeur pour 1 an, ainsi que plusieurs journées de consulting auprès d'une société spécialisée dans l'OpenSource et les technologies du Cloud. Cette présentation offrira une vue d'ensemble des fonctionnalités de la solution et des services qui la constituent depuis sa mise en production en septembre 2024.

The rapid advances in the Information and Communication Technologies have brought to the development of on-demand high quality applications and services allowing users to easily access resources anywhere anytime. Users can pay for a service and access the resources made available during their subscriptions until the subscribed periods expire. Users are then forced to download such resources if they want to access them also after the subscribed periods. To avoid this burden to the users, we propose the adoption of a subscription-based access control policy that combines a flexible key derivation structure with selective encryption. The publication of new resources as well as the management of subscriptions are accommodated by adapting the key derivation structure in a transparent way for the users.

Designing or renovating inheritance hierarchies in the domain of programming or in the domain of modeling still remains a tricky task. It involves integrating domain concepts sometimes with no clear frontier, finding the good abstractions and avoiding duplicated information. In this paper, we review research work that addressed this topic with the use of Formal Concept Analysis (concept lattices) since the seminal paper of R. Godin and H. Mili at OOPSLA'93. We overview the different attempts, the explored limits, and the current issues.

Bibliographic databases (including databases based on open access) are routinely used for bibliometric research. The value of a specific database depends to a large extent on the coverage of the discipline(s) under study. A number of studies have determined the coverage of databases in specific disciplines focusing on inter-disciplinary differences. However, little is known about the potential existence of intra-disciplinary differences in database coverage. Focusing on intra-disciplinary differences, the paper documents large database coverage differences within two disciplines (economics and psychology). The point extends to include both the uneven coverage of specialties and research traditions. The implications for bibliometric research are discussed, and precautions which need to be taken are outlined.

In September 2020, the Western United States experienced anomalously severe wildfires that resulted in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions almost three times the 2001-2019 average. In this study, we investigate the influence of wildfires on atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) variability through a comparative analysis of observations from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), and the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Our focus is on the North American domain, aiming to understand the differences among these products. In general, all instruments show excellent agreement under typical atmospheric CO conditions. However, notable discrepancies were observed in the CO data from the three sensors, particularly in regions with elevated CO total column (TC) values. IASI and TROPOMI consistently showed higher CO values over the western U.S. compared to MOPITT. During the fire episodes, we found that the IASI retrievals suggested higher CO abundances near the surface than the MOPITT thermal infrared retrievals that are probably the result of the differences in the covariance matrices used in IASI and MOPITT retrievals. We also found that the high IASI and TROPOMI CO observations over the western U.S. coincided with high values of the TROPOMI aerosol index (AI), suggesting the presence of absorbing aerosols. The analysis exhibited better agreement between TROPOMI and MOPITT CO TC when the AI values were low. Our results suggest that appropriate quality filtering should be employed when analyzing pollution events with these data. In particular, utilizing the AI for quality filtering may be useful when analyzing extreme pollution events with these satellite products. Plain Language SummaryIn September 2020, wildfires in the Western U.S. caused large smoke plumes that spread across the continent, significantly increasing atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) levels. Using data from the MOPITT, IASI, and TROPOMI satellite sensors, this study found strong CO enhancements from the fires. The sensors showed good agreement under moderate CO conditions but diverged in areas of high CO and heavy aerosol loads, suggesting aerosol interference in CO retrievals. TROPOMI's UV Aerosol Index (AI) and CALIPSO data were used to evaluate aerosol impacts, emphasizing the need for quality filtering when analyzing CO during intense pollution events.

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) are indispensable companions to programming languages. They are increasingly turning towards Web-based infrastructure. The rise of a protocol such as the Language Server Protocol (LSP) that standardizes the separation between a language-agnostic IDE, and a language server that provides all language services (e.g., auto completion, compiler...) has allowed the emergence of high quality generic Web components to build the IDE part that runs in the browser. However, all language services require different computing capacities and response times to guarantee a user-friendly experience within the IDE. The monolithic distribution of all language services prevents to leverage on the available execution platforms (e.g., local platform, application server, cloud). In contrast with the current approaches that provide IDEs in the form of a monolithic client-server architecture, we explore in this paper the modularization of all language services to support their individual deployment and dynamic adaptation within an IDE. We evaluate the performance impact of the distribution of the language services across the available execution platforms on four EMF-based languages, and demonstrate the benefit of a custom distribution.

24x36 mm, gélatine plan-film.

Peer-to-Peer networks are designed to provide decentralized, fault-tolerant alternatives to traditional client-server architectures. In previous work, the the resilience of structured P2P networks has been evaluated analytically as well as by simulation. In this paper, we discuss the influence of peer failures on a core component of our cost-optimized hierarchical P2P protocol Chordella. We show that the used algorithms lead to a working system even if a high number of superpeers is subject to failures.

Golmakani and Rezatalab [1] suggested in their paper that the deflection of a simply supported nonlocal elastic plate under uniform load is not affected by the small length scale terms. They based their proof on the use of Navier׳s method using a sinusoidal-based deflection solution. This insensitivity of the deflection solution of a simply supported nonlocal elastic plate with respect to the small length terms of Eringen׳s model is not correct, as already detailed in the literature (for example, see [2] for beam problems). In fact, the deflection of the nonlocal plate (in the Eringen sense) is larger than the one of the local case, as shown in many papers available in the literature. We prove in this reply to the authors that the Navier׳s method has to be correctly applied for highlighting the specific sensitivity phenomenon of the deflection solution, as compared to exact analytical solution.