Open Access Books

Aussitôt après la prise de pouvoir par Hitler, en janvier 1933, la majeure partie des intellectuels allemands (scientifiques, philosophes, écrivains, artistes) quitte le pays. Les raisons de cet exil, essentiellement vers d'autres pays d'Europe jusqu'en 1939, sont le plus souvent non pas raciales, mais politiques. Pour certains, il y va de la vie ou de la mort. L'Allemagne n'en continue pas moins à publier des livres, à jouer des pièces, à donner des concerts, des cours à l'Université etc... Parmi les intellectuels restés au pays figurent des noms célèbres : le poète Gottfried Benn, le philosophe Martin Heidegger ou le Prix Nobel de littérature Gerhart Hauptmann. Qu'est-ce qui pousse ces intellectuels à se mettre au service des nazis : une conviction politique, le simple l'opportunisme ? Les exilés observent avec une extrême attention les faits et gestes de leurs collègues en Allemagne afin de tracer une frontière symbolique entre les « véritables intellectuels » et les « traîtres ». À relever d'un discours d'une extrême sévérité, plus tard adoucie il est vrai par une plus juste compréhension, la condamnation des « renégats » pose la question des modalités de la lutte contre un discours totalitaire : est-il possible de s'opposer à un langage perverti, sans tomber dans les travers mêmes que l'on dénonce ? La question se double d'une autre : peut-on, de l'extérieur et sur des critères uniquement politiques, juger de qui est un traître et qui est un opposant ? Le livre éclaire ici le problème de la culpabilité dans un régime totalitaire.

Earthen sites are ancient sites that hold significant historical, cultural, and scientific value, with earth serving as the primary building material. As places of great importance for civilization, earthen sites not only account for a large proportion of cultural heritage resources but also contain extremely rich historical information. They form an important basis for studying the origin and development of civilization and have great historical, scientific, and artistic value. The protection of earthen sites has developed into a multidisciplinary field combining physics, chemistry, archaeology, geology, humanities, and art. Relevant research fields encompass protection concepts, value interpretation, disease mechanisms, protection technologies, preventive protection, and the digitization of cultural relics. As a result, numerous excellent scientific research results have been obtained. This Reprint primarily covers Spain, Malaysia, and China, as well as specific urban case studies from Zhuhai City, Lishui City, Quanzhou City, and Weiyuan City. These articles cover fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) technology, surface micro-chemical analysis, microbial diversity analysis, erosion resistance testing, lightweight crack detection and independent physical simulation, durability analysis, biocrust analysis, erosion resistance mechanisms, and composite biofilm ecological protection technology. This Reprint provides a reference for empirical analyses of conservation techniques for earthen sites across cities of different scales and types.

The public sector plays an important role for both regulation and in the delivery of services directly or indirectly. In this context, it is important to consider transformation, change, and innovation, which are the elements on which the main determinants that influence public management and the administration of economic, social, and political systems are based. This book describes the nature of the problem, its multidimensionality, and the need for original approaches, through the contribution of scholars belonging to different disciplines. This book contains nine chapters in a single section (Public Management and Administration), which, through the different approaches to the subject by the authors, help to explain the issues of the public sector.

Esta es una introducción a las obras de consulta para los estudiantes universitarios mexicanos; una lista razonada de inventarios para los bibliotecarios, los investigadores, los libreros y los profesores que conocen del tema. Una guía de consumidores para los aficionados de los diccionarios, las enciclopedias, los calendarios y otras obras de referencia que merecen, conjunta o alternativamente, un lugar en las bibliotecas y los puntos de venta más diversos: en las colecciones personales o familiares más pequeñas, o en las académicas o públicas más grandes. Comprende, complementa y actualiza los conjuntos de obras generales que el autor registra en la primera edición de Obras de consulta para estudiantes de ciencias sociales y humanidades (El Colegio de México, 1992).

É possível ter serviços públicos com mais qualidade? Como gerenciar as relações no setor de modo que todos saiam ganhando? A população dispõe de meios para garantir sua cidadania, ampliando, assim, sua participação na esfera pública? Como? Em Conflitos, Eficiência e Democracia na Gestâo Pública, há respostas a estas e outras perguntas. De maneira simples, o autor discute a negociação coletiva e suas táticas. Mostra exemplos de documentos que podem ser úteis no processo.

The essays collected in this volume explore some of the themes that have been at the centre of recent debates within Wittgensteinian scholarship. This book is an attempt to express the difficult nature of ethics, mysticism and religion, their problematic status in the modern world, and the possible justifications for ethical and religious commitment. Naturally, it also discusses some of the main ideas of Ludwig Wittgenstein. His very personal and often aphoristic way of writing cannot simply be restated or interpreted. However, his philosophy is in need of interpretation, and interpretations are — as we all know — often rather controversial. The collected contributions aim, therefore, at bringing new insight into the essence of Wittgenstein‘s ethical and religious beliefs by understanding his concepts of thought and language in a more detailed way. In opposition to what we are tentatively inclined to think, the articles of this volume invite us to understand that our need to grasp the essence of ethical and religious thought and language will not be achieved by metaphysical theories expounded from such a point of view, but by focusing on our everyday forms of expression. The articles have in common an understanding of Wittgenstein as not proposing metaphysical theories, but rather showing us the way to work ourselves out of the confusions we become entangled in when philosophizing. Thus, the authors show from a Wittgensteinian perspective that the standard modern approaches to ethics cannot justify traditional moral beliefs.

Mokslo monografijoje yra pristatoma kultūros istorijos, etnologijos ir etnomuzikologijos mokslų tyrimų kontekste surinkta medžiaga apie Kryžių kalno aplankymo pamaldumo praktikos Lietuvoje ypatumus, apeiginius papročius ir jų kilmę bei sąlyčius su Kryžių kalnu, esančiu Lenkijoje. Atlikto tyrimo išvados pagrindžia monografijos pradžioje išsikeltą hipotezę, kad Lietuvos Kryžių kalno aplankymo pamaldumo praktikos ištakos yra žuvusiųjų ir mirusiųjų atminimo (paminėjimo) ir pagerbimo vieta.

This chapter seeks to explain why only a minority of US metropolitan areas enjoyed quicker recovery and higher levels of economic growth following the 2008 banking crisis and recession of 2007‒2009. An uneven pattern of growth came into being over the course of the recession and persisted through 2013, evident in both total employment and on a sectoral basis. Using cluster analysis, we characterize the best performing group of metropolitan areas as exhibiting less economic sectorial diversity than average and lower rates of subprime mortgages as a share of all households. The worst performing areas show the highest average rates of household distress as well as bank failures. The most consistent pattern among our variables was that gradually worsening growth outcomes were associated with increasingly larger subprime mortgage and HAMP concentrations. Our findings recommend further research into the conditions of financial distress among metropolitan areas as well as into the nature of sector specialization, as both potential factor affecting growth.

The article presents the scientific profile of Professor Hanna Tadeusiewicz. The authors focused on presenting the areas of scientific interest of the researcher, her didactic activity and the most important publications published in 2010–2017. The various periods of the Professor’s academic activity were described with particular emphasis on the doctoral dissertation exam in April 1970. The following methods were used to implement the topic: critical analysis of the literature, historical and bibliographical methods.

Au fil des années, la figure du sage a pris une importance essentielle au sein de l’imaginaire entourant l’écrivain belge Henry Bauchau (1913-2012), à tel point que cette construction posturale, mobilisée par l’auteur et reconduite tant par ses critiques que par la presse, a fini par faire l’objet d’une projection sur l’ensemble de son parcours et de son œuvre.Interrogeant d’abord les nombreuses tentatives d’engagement (politique, social ou encore militaire) de Bauchau, ce livre propose un retour critique sur la trajectoire de l’écrivain, mettant en évidence une série d’obsessions qui dénotent avec l’image du sage et donnent à voir des contradictions que celle-ci ne laissait pas soupçonner. Ainsi, dépassant la posture de sage et l’effet de lissage des aspérités que celle-ci a eu sur la lecture de son parcours et de son œuvre, l’examen d’une partie ciblée des publications en prose de l’auteur d’Œdipe sur la route à la lumière de ce constat vise à leur restituer leur complexité originelle ainsi qu’à interroger les enjeux de l’adoption par ce dernier d’une posture de sage et ce sur quoi celle-ci repose.Guidé par la volonté de s’éloigner de l’approche très univoque de l’œuvre généralement proposée et de tenir compte des tâtonnements et retours en arrière dont relève tout cheminement personnel, le présent ouvrage s’enrichit des théories de l’agentivité et de la sociologie afin de mieux rendre compte de la façon dont s’est (re)construit Henry Bauchau.

The rapid development of computers has stimulated growing interest in the physical foundations of computation. This interest arises from both applicative and fundamental aspects of computation. In the most general terms, computation involves transforming inputs into outputs using a specific set of instructions. The necessary questions include the following: What are the physical limitations of computation? What are the minimal energy costs of computation, and what is the maximal possible velocity of computation? The Landauer principle, addressed in this Special Issue, is one of the limiting physical principles that constrain the behavior of computing systems. The Landauer principle restricts the minimal energy necessary for the erasure of one bit of information. Rolf Landauer adopted the notion that computation is a physical process; thus, it must obey the laws of physics, and first and foremost, the laws of thermodynamics. This thinking led to a new limiting physical principle, establishing minimal energy costs for the erasure of a single memory bit for a system operating at equilibrium temperature T. According to Landauer, this energy is E=kBTln2. This Special Issue discusses the Landauer principle in the context of other physical limiting principles, such as the Mandelstam–Tamm and Margolus–Levitin limiting principles. The Special Issue addresses a diversity of problems related to the meaning and applications of the Landauer principle. It discusses the interrelation between logical and thermodynamic irreversibility and precise links between energy and information.

This open access book provides a comprehensive overview of the vulnerabilities of central banks’ financial accounts and the implications for central bank capital and risk management in turbulent times. By combining the perspectives of academics, risk managers and policy makers, it sheds light on the complex challenges facing central banks and offers key insights into safeguarding the stability of financial systems in an uncertain future. In an era of heightened uncertainty, central banks face unprecedented risks. Following consecutive crises, they have expanded their monetary policy toolkit through quantitative easing and credit extension, which has bloated their balance sheets and exposed them to substantial risks. Moreover, central banks are confronting novel challenges like climate change and nature loss, which threaten their objectives of price stability and financial stability. At the same time, central banks find themselves in a precarious position, as they raise interest rates to combat inflation, generating financial losses on their asset portfolios. These losses threaten to erode their capitalization, a cornerstone of central bank independence and credibility.

Les villes médiévales françaises ont connu un développement remarquable à la fin du Moyen Âge. L’autonomie plus ou moins prononcée dont elles jouissaient s’est accompagnée d’une gestion rigoureuse des moyens financiers mis à leur disposition. Cet ouvrage présente les modalités de la gestion comptable de plusieurs villes de la vallée de la Loire (tenue des registres, compétences et activités du personnel municipal), dans une perspective comparatiste en confrontant la situation ligérienne à celle d’autres villes du royaume de France. Il accorde une importance particulière et inédite aux problèmes monétaires auxquels les cités furent confrontées notamment dans la première moitié du xve siècle. Enfin, il propose une réflexion poussée sur les apports et les limites de l’étude des comptabilités urbaines pour des disciplines comme l’histoire économique, l’histoire de l’art ou l’archéologie.

Deep learning and reinforcement learning are some of the most important and exciting research fields today. With the emergence of new network structures and algorithms such as convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and self-attention models, these technologies have gained widespread attention and applications in fields such as natural language processing, medical image analysis, and Internet of Things (IoT) device recognition. This book, Deep Learning and Reinforcement Learning examines the latest research achievements of these technologies and provides a reference for researchers, engineers, students, and other interested readers. It helps readers understand the opportunities and challenges faced by deep learning and reinforcement learning and how to address them, thus improving the research and application capabilities of these technologies in related fields.

In "The Turk" in the Czech Imagination (1870s-1923), Jitka Malečková describes Czechs' views of the Turks in the last half century of the existence of the Ottoman Empire and how they were influenced by ideas and trends in other countries, including the European fascination with the Orient, images of "the Turk," contemporary scholarship, and racial theories. The Czechs were not free from colonial ambitions either, as their attitude to Bosnia-Herzegovina demonstrates, but their viewpoint was different from that found in imperial states and among the peoples who had experienced Ottoman rule. The book convincingly shows that the Czechs mainly viewed the Turks through the lenses of nationalism and Pan-Slavism - in solidarity with the Slavs fighting against Ottoman rule.