Open Access Books

As noted by Pierre Nora (1989, p. 17), ‘no-one knows what the past will be made of next’. While this is indeed so, it is also the case that the past will surely be ‘made’ somehow. In this chapter, we take a look at those makings and the ubiquitous desire to recreate what once was that arguably undergirds almost any heritage practice.

When people discuss politics, they often mention the promises politicians make during election campaigns. Promises raise hopes that positive policy changes are possible, but people are generally skeptical of these promises. Party Mandates and Democracy reveals the extent to and conditions under which governments fulfill party promises during election campaigns. Contrary to conventional wisdom a majority of pledges—sometimes a large majority—are acted upon in most countries, most of the time. The fulfillment of parties’ election pledges is an essential part of the democratic process. This book is the first major, genuinely comparative study of promises across a broad range of countries and elections, including the United States, Canada, nine Western European countries, and Bulgaria. The book thus adds to the body of literature on the variety of outcomes stemming from alternative democratic institutions.

This open access book examines global plastic pollution, an issue that has become a critical societal challenge with implications for environmental and public health. This volume provides a comprehensive, holistic analysis on the plastic cycle and its subsequent effects on biota, food security, and human exposure. Importantly, global environmental change and its associated, systems-level processes, including atmospheric deposition, ecosystem complexity, UV exposure, wind patterns, water stratification, ocean circulation, etc., are all important direct and indirect factors governing the fate, transport and biotic and abiotic processing of plastic particles across ecosystem types. Furthermore, the distribution of plastic in the ocean is not independent of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, since much of the plastic in marine ecosystems originates from land and should therefore be evaluated in the context of the larger plastic cycle. Changes in species size, distribution, habitat, and food web complexity, due to global environmental change, will likely alter trophic transfer dynamics and the ecological effects of nano- and microplastics. The fate and transport dynamics of plastic particles are influenced by their size, form, shape, polymer type, additives, and overall ecosystem conditions. In addition to the risks that plastics pose to the total environment, the potential impacts on human health and exposure routes, including seafood consumption, and air and drinking water need to be assessed in a comprehensive and quantitative manner. Here I present a holistic and interdisciplinary book volume designed to advance the understanding of plastic cycling in the environment with an emphasis on sources, fate and transport, ecotoxicology, climate change effects, food security, microbiology, sustainability, human exposure and public policy.

»Parabasis« – dieser kaum noch geläufige Begriff bezeichnet einen eigentümlichen Moment der Alten Attischen Komödie, in dem die Handlung pausiert und der Chor das Publikum direkt anspricht. Aus dem Drama der Neuzeit schien die Parabasis weitgehend verschwunden. Die Kunsttheorien, die sich dem Paradigma der Repräsentation unterstellten, verurteilten sie als unnatürlich, störend und kunstfremd. Christian Kirchmeier zeigt dagegen erstmals, wie sich die Parabasis gegen diesen Ausschluss behauptete und sich dabei sogar zu einem wesentlichen Moment moderner Kunst entwickelte. Ausgangspunkt des Buches ist die Kernfrage jeder ästhetischen Theorie nach dem Verhältnis von Literatur und Wirklichkeit. Seit Aristoteles’ Tragödienschrift wurde diese Frage immer wieder mit dem Begriff der Mimesis beantwortet – angelehnt an das Modell der Nachahmung oder Darstellung von Wirklichkeit auf der Theaterbühne. Der maßgebliche Einfluss der Tragödientheorie auf die Ästhetik hat jedoch den Blick darauf versperrt, dass die Komödie mit der Parabasis über ein ästhetisches Verfahren verfügte, das einen nicht-mimetischen Bezug auf Wirklichkeit möglich machte. Statt Wirklichkeit nachahmend abzubilden, fallen die Schauspielerinnen und Schauspieler aus ihren Rollen, wenden sich direkt an das Publikum und adressieren es als politische Instanz. Christian Kirchmeier analysiert die verschiedenen Formen, Funktionen und Probleme der Parabasis im Zeitalter der Repräsentation: von der Durchbrechung der unsichtbaren ›vierten Wand‹ und dem Typus der Lustigen Figur über das metatheatrale Spiel-im-Spiel und die romantische Ironie bis hin zu Hegels berüchtigter These vom Ende der Kunst. Mit seinem Buch stellt er ein Konzept der Parabasis in Aussicht, das die Kunst der Gegenwart, ihren Wirklichkeitsbezug und ihren politischen Anspruch auf eine neue Weise erfasst.

Die Berliner Schule gilt als die wichtigste Strömung im deutschen Kino seit den 1970er Jahren. Gleichzeitig kann sie als wesentlicher Teil der globalen New-Wave-Filme verstanden werden, die an den traditionellen Rändern des Weltkinos angesiedelt sind. In 15 Essays setzen die Beiträger*innen des Bandes die Berliner Schule mit Beispielen des globalen Kinos in Verbindung - von Europa über Südostasien und den Nahen Osten bis hin zu Süd- und Nordamerika - und laden dazu ein, sie als zentralen Aspekt des Nachwende-Kinos in einem transnationalen Licht zu betrachten. Damit liefern sie zum ersten Mal eine systematische Untersuchung dieser Gattung und stellen sie als eine der wichtigsten Entwicklungen des gegenwärtigen Arthouse-Kinos heraus.

Nimble Tongues is a collection of essays that continues Steven G. Kellman's work in the fertile field of translingualism, focusing on the phenomenon of switching languages. A series of investigations and reflections rather than a single thesis, the collection is perhaps more akin in its aims—if not accomplishment—to George Steiner’s Extraterritorial: Papers on Literature and the Language Revolution or Umberto Eco’s Travels in Hyperreality. Topics covered include the significance of translingualism; translation and its challenges; immigrant memoirs; the autobiographies that Ariel Dorfman wrote in English and Spanish, respectively; the only feature film ever made in Esperanto; Francesca Marciano, an Italian who writes in English; Jhumpa Lahiri, who has abandoned English for Italian; Ilan Stavans, a prominent translingual author and scholar; Hugo Hamilton, a writer who grew up torn among Irish, German, and English; Antonio Ruiz-Camacho, a Mexican who writes in English; and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a multilingual text.

Even though ozone has been applied for a long time for disinfection and oxidation in water treatment, there is lack of critical information related to transformation of organic compounds. This has become more important in recent years, because there is considerable concern about the formation of potentially harmful degradation products as well as oxidation products from the reaction with the matrix components. In recent years, a wealth of information on the products that are formed has accumulated, and substantial progress in understanding mechanistic details of ozone reactions in aqueous solution has been made. Based on the latter, this may allow us to predict the products of as yet not studied systems and assist in evaluating toxic potentials in case certain classes are known to show such effects. Keeping this in mind, Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment: From Basic Principles to Applications discusses mechanistic details of ozone reactions as much as they are known to date and applies them to the large body of studies on micropollutant degradation (such as pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors) that is already available. Extensively quoting the literature and updating the available compilation of ozone rate constants gives the reader a text at hand on which his research can be based. Moreover, those that are responsible for planning or operation of ozonation steps in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants will find salient information in a compact form that otherwise is quite disperse. A critical compilation of rate constants for the various classes of compounds is given in each chapter, including all the recent publications. This is a very useful source of information for researchers and practitioners who need kinetic information on emerging contaminants. Furthermore, each chapter contains a large selection of examples of reaction mechanisms for the transformation of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fuel additives, solvents, taste and odor compounds, cyanotoxins.

Digitale Technologien und Methoden haben in den vergangenen Jahren immer mehr Einfluss auf die geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung gewonnen. Dies gilt nicht minder fur das achtzehnte Jahrhundert: In allen einschlagigen Fachbereichen werden seit Jahren Texte, Bilder und Metadaten digital generiert, verarbeitet, analysiert und prasentiert. Ergebnis ist eine bisher nie dagewesene Konfrontation mit quantifizierenden Methoden auch in qualitativ arbeitenden Disziplinen sowie die Notwendigkeit einer Auseinandersetzung mit nationalen und globalen Datenstandards. Diese Standards entscheiden uber die Interoperabilitat - gewissermassen die internationale Anschlussfahigkeit - der Daten und somit uber die Nachhaltigkeit der eigenen Forschung. Die Osterreichische Gesellschaft zur Erforschung des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts widmet ihr 34. Jahrbuch 2019 dem Thema der digitalen Forschung zum 18. Jahrhundert in Zentraleuropa. Die einzelnen vorgestellten Beitrage sind nicht nur Projektberichte, sondern referieren die Ergebnisse digital durchgefuhrter Forschungsarbeit. Sie eroffnen ein Panorama der moglichen methodischen Zugange, von den Bildwissenschaften uber Netzwerkanalyse und -darstellung hin zu digitaler Edition, Korpuslinguistik und digitaler Sprachwissenschaft sowie der Vernetzung von Forschungsdaten mit den Daten von Kulturerbe-Institutionen.

Norway has a tradition in promoting Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and Corporate social responsibility (CSR). This book consists of case studies of how social responsibility is institutionalized in Norwegian research, innovation and business, and theoretical contributions towards understanding these processes. It identifies strengths and potentialities, but also the gaps between intentions and achievements and the major challenges.

Sentencing and Human Rights sets out to develop a systematic account of the importance of human rights principles at sentencing. Sentencing theory is dominated by discussion of the aims of punishment, but it is questionable whether the limits identified in the leading theories—principally the idea of proportionality or commensurability between the wrongdoing and the sentence—have served to constrain the sentencing decision in practice. It is argued that one reason for this is that insufficient attention has been paid to the special nature of state punishment as a process mediated by and through law. Punishment in the rule of law demands adherence to human rights principles, notably legality, proportionality, equality, and judicial responsibility for the determination of the sentence. Consideration of these principles provides the basis for an examination of the way in which they might be expected to limit important sentencing practices, such as the imposition of aggravated sentences for previous convictions, the treatment of confessions, and mandatory minimum sentences. This examination of the human rights limits on the sentence suggests that it might be necessary to reconsider the way in which state punishment is conceptualized in sentencing theory.

Topological Groups, Lie Groups; Abstract Harmonic Analysis; Functional Analysis; Mathematical Physics

Series "Göttinger Schriften zum Medizinrecht" (medicine law), which deals with several important debates in modern medicine such as gene therapy, research with embryonic stem cells, bio databases, living organ donation, and in general the economisation of the health system.

Although violent conflict has declined in northern Uganda, tensions and mistrust concerning land have increased. Residents try to deal with acquisitions by investors and exclusions from forests and wildlife reserves. Land wrangles among neighbours and relatives are widespread. The growing commodification of land challenges ideals of entrustment for future generations. Using extended case studies, collaborating researchers analyze the principles and practices that shape access to land. Contributors examine the multiplicity of land claims, the nature of transactions and the management of conflicts. They show how access to land is governed through intimate relations of gender, generation and belonging.

Public administration; Political science

Um den Anforderungen einer sich rasch wandelnden Gesellschaft gerecht zu werden, muss sich auch die Hochschullehre ständig weiterentwickeln. Die Beiträger*innen präsentieren innovative Ansätze zur Lehr- und Curriculumsentwicklung, die auf neuesten Erkenntnissen und bewährten Methoden basieren. Sie diskutieren u.a. strategische Lehrentwicklung, Community Building, Nachhaltigkeit, Lernraumdesign, kompetenzorientierte Prüfungen, den Einsatz von Virtual Reality, adaptives Lernen und Wirkungsorientierung. Theoretische Reflexionen und Praxisbeispiele geben einen umfassenden Einblick in aktuelle Entwicklungen und Veränderungen der Hochschule.