Open Access Books

Der vorliegende Band präsentiert die Druckfassungen der Vorträge zum Thema ‚Täuschungen‘, die anlässlich der Erlanger Universitätstage vom 20. Februar bis 20. März 2018 in Amberg und vom 25. Oktober bis zum 29. November 2018 in Ansbach gehalten wurden. Den Erlanger Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern, Privatdozentin Dr. Doris Gerstl, Prof. Johanna Haberer, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Ernst, Dr. Christian Riess und Prof. Dr. Holger Schulze – aus den fünf Disziplinen Kunstgeschichte, Christliche Publizistik, Philosophie, Bildforensik und Neurobiologie – gelangen spannende Vorträge, in denen das Rahmenthema ‚Täuschungen‘ aus der jeweiligen Fachperspektive beleuchtet wurde; die Beiträge sind trotz ihres hohen wissenschaftlichen Anspruchs auch für ein breites Publikum verständlich.

What drove U.S. Catholics in their arduous quest, full of twists and turns over more than a century, to win an American saint? The absence of American names in the canon of the saints had left many of the faithful feeling spiritually unmoored. But while canonization may be fundamentally about holiness, it is never only about holiness, reveals Kathleen Sprows Cummings in this panoramic, passionate chronicle of American sanctity. Catholics had another reason for petitioning the Vatican to acknowledge an American holy hero. A home-grown saint would serve as a mediator between heaven and earth, yes, but also between Catholicism and American culture. Throughout much of U.S. history, the making of a saint was also about the ways in which the members of a minority religious group defined, defended, and celebrated their identities as Americans. Their fascinatingly diverse causes for canonization—from Kateri Tekakwitha and Elizabeth Ann Seton to many others that are failed, forgotten, or still under way—represented evolving national values as Catholics made themselves at home. Cummings's vision of American sanctity shows just how much Catholics had at stake in cultivating devotion to men and women perched at the nexus of holiness and American history—until they finally felt little need to prove that they belonged.

Humans have always dreamed of automating laborious physical and intellectual tasks, but the latter has proved more elusive than naively suspected. Seven decades of systematic study of Artificial Intelligence have witnessed cycles of hubris and despair. The successful realization of General Intelligence (evidenced by the kind of cross-domain flexibility enjoyed by humans) will spawn an industry worth billions and transform the range of viable automation tasks.The recent notable successes of Machine Learning has lead to conjecture that it might be the appropriate technology for delivering General Intelligence. In this book, we argue that the framework of machine learning is fundamentally at odds with any reasonable notion of intelligence and that essential insights from previous decades of AI research are being forgotten. We claim that a fundamental change in perspective is required, mirroring that which took place in the philosophy of science in the mid 20th century. We propose a framework for General Intelligence, together with a reference architecture that emphasizes the need for anytime bounded rationality and a situated denotational semantics. We given necessary emphasis to compositional reasoning, with the required compositionality being provided via principled symbolic-numeric inference mechanisms based on universal constructions from category theory. • Details the pragmatic requirements for real-world General Intelligence. • Describes how machine learning fails to meet these requirements. • Provides a philosophical basis for the proposed approach. • Provides mathematical detail for a reference architecture. • Describes a research program intended to address issues of concern in contemporary AI. The book includes an extensive bibliography, with ~400 entries covering the history of AI and many related areas of computer science and mathematics.The target audience is the entire gamut of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning researchers and industrial practitioners. There are a mixture of descriptive and rigorous sections, according to the nature of the topic. Undergraduate mathematics is in general sufficient. Familiarity with category theory is advantageous for a complete understanding of the more advanced sections, but these may be skipped by the reader who desires an overall picture of the essential concepts This is an open access book.

Identifying and treating traumatic dental injuries is an extremely important part of the dentistry profession. The stomatognathic system is a complex structure that is rich with tactile and motor neuron sensors and therefore trauma to the area should be diagnosed and treated as quickly and effectively as possible. Trauma in Dentistry not only covers the scientific basis of dental trauma and dental trauma-related matters, but it also draws attention to advanced diagnostic and treatment methods for dealing with traumatic dental injuries. This volume includes information for treating both adults and children, with two chapters dedicated to pediatric dental trauma. Other chapters focus on occlusal trauma, dental implants, and biomaterials.

The section Heritage & Architecture of the Faculty of Architecture at Delft University of Technology deals with the built environment in terms of conservation, refurbishment and re-use. Reflecting the department philosophy, this book focuses on the durability and sustainability of existing buildings (heritage in a broad sense, from historic buildings to listed monuments), considered in terms of material and building techniques, form and function, and part of the wider context of sites and cities. At the basis stands the Heritage triangle: Design - Cultural value - Technology. This book is part of a series of books produced in cooperation with and financed by the Stichting Rondeltappe-Bernoster-Kemmers. All books of the series have been reviewed and edited by Silvia Naldini, Section of Heritage & Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.

Those convicted of homicide were hanged on the public gallows before being dissected under the Murder Act in Georgian England. Yet, from 1752, whether criminals actually died on the hanging tree or in the dissection room remained a medical mystery in early modern society. Dissecting the Criminal Corpse takes issue with the historical cliché of corpses dangling from the hangman’s rope in crime studies. Some convicted murderers did survive execution in early modern England. Establishing medical death in the heart-lungs-brain was a physical enigma. Criminals had large bull-necks, strong willpowers, and hearty survival instincts. Extreme hypothermia often disguised coma in a prisoner hanged in the winter cold. The youngest and fittest were capable of reviving on the dissection table. Many died under the lancet. Capital legislation disguised a complex medical choreography that surgeons staged. They broke the Hippocratic Oath by executing the Dangerous Dead across England from 1752 until 1832.

This book, published by IntechOpen, presents the current trends and developments in certain areas of critical care medicine. From challenges in managing cardiogenic shock and stroke to issues such as lung ultrasound, eye care, and pharmacology safety in neonatal critical care, it aims to help the reader gain a better understanding of these dynamic fields. It also includes themes that trigger ethical questions at the bedside, like withholding /withdrawing therapy, clinical thinking, and brain death; thus, providing a more complete image of contemporary intensive care medicine.

Summarizes the education and labor market initiatives implemented or under way in four countries in the Arab region--Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates--to address the human resource issues they each face as they prepare their countries for a place in the 21st century global economy. Together, these countries highlight the variety of challenges faced by countries in the region and responses to those challenges.

Le sport est incontestablement devenu tout à la fois un élément central de notre vie quotidienne, le symbole du triomphe du libéralisme économique, et un enjeu renouvelé des relations internationales. Le sport est d’abord au cœur de notre quotidien tant ses bienfaits physiques, physiologiques, psychologiques et esthétiques sont évidents ; au point que les pouvoirs publics prennent toutes sortes d’initiatives pour promouvoir l'activité physique de leur population. Il l'est également dans les vêtements portés non seulement par les plus jeunes mais aussi de plus en plus par les seniors soucieux de confort. Il sature enfin les médias, traditionnels ou de nouvelle génération, pour des conseils d’entraînement, des résultats ou des offres de paris en ligne ... Le sport est ensuite emblématique de la mondialisation économique : présent dans toutes les disciplines, le sport Business s’incarne en effet dans des évènements à dimension planétaire que les États accueillent, certes, mais sans complètement contrôler des compétitions organisées par des acteurs privés qui ont progressivement construit leur propre espace, un espace « déterritorialisé ». Enfin, si le sport a été un terrain d’affrontement entre les puissances dominantes au cours du XXe siècle - spécialement durant la bipolarisation -, il relève plutôt aujourd'hui d'ambitieuses stratégies d’influence, d'un Soft Power, permettant d’ailleurs à quelques pays de disposer d'une audience bien supérieure à leur poids politique au sein de la société internationale. Dans ces conditions, le sport en tant qu’objet d’étude retient logiquement l’intérêt des chercheurs, des scientifiques aux sociologues en passant par les juristes. Ces derniers, focalisés sur l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de pratiques, de règles, d'institutions, ne peuvent pas pour autant ignorer les autres dimensions - économique, sociale, politique ... - du sport, de même que les tensions de toutes natures qui le traversent. Cet ouvrage dédié aux « Acteurs et valeurs du sport » réunit douze contributions qui s’efforcent de rendre compte de la réalité à la fois protéiforme et vivante du sport, traduisant plus largement la volonté de la Faculté de Droit de l’Université Toulouse Capitole de prendre toute sa part à une meilleure connaissance de ce « terrain de jeu(x) » au sein des sciences humaines ...

This Special Issue, “Advanced Studies on High-Performance Metal-Ion Capacitors: Technologies, Systems and Applications”, highlights recent progress in hybrid electrochemical energy storage systems that integrate the merits of both batteries and supercapacitors. This Special Issue brings together research articles and reviews that address the challenges involved in the construction of metal-ion capacitors from multiple perspectives, including electrode structure engineering, heteroatom doping, electrolyte design and innovative cell configurations. This Reprint provides a comprehensive overview of emerging technologies and future directions for metal-ion capacitors, offering valuable insights for designing next-generation high-performance and sustainable electrochemical energy storage systems.

The terrestrial space is the place of interaction of natural and social systems. The cartography is an essential tool to understand the complexity of these systems, their interaction and evolution. This brings the cartography to an important place in the modern world. The book presents several contributions at different areas and activities showing the importance of the cartography to the perception and organization of the territory. Learning with the past or understanding the present the use of cartography is presented as a way of looking to almost all themes of the knowledge.

Coordinating one’s behavior with the behavior of other individuals is a fundamental feature of everyday social interaction. A defining feature of such behavior is that it is dynamic, that is, it evolves over time. This is true whether one considers the linguistic, gestural and non-verbal coordination that occurs between two or more individuals engaged in a conversation or the physical movement coordination that occurs when two or more people clear a dinner table or load a dishwasher together. Such behavior is also emergent and robust to sudden changes in task context or unexpected environmental or social perturbations. Accordingly, robust social action and multi-agent coordination is synergistic, with co-acting individuals adapting to each other and the environment around them in a mutual and reciprocal manner. Research investigating the behavioral dynamics of joint-action and multi-agent coordination has steadily increased over the last several decades. Spurred by several factors, including (i) the increased accessibility of technologies for recording and extracting the time-evolution of multi-agent behavior (e.g., motion tracking, eye-tracking, EEG), (ii) the development of new nonlinear techniques for analyzing behavioral and linguistic time-series data, and (iii) a growing appreciation that social cognition, perception, and action are interdependent, embodied and embedded processes, this research has not only been directed towards measuring and identifying the stable patterns of coordinated social and multi-agent activity that emerge over time, but also how these stable pattern are activated, dissolved, transformed, and exchanged over time. Not surprisingly, researchers have begun to investigate the implications of this behavioral dynamics perspective for understanding social cognitive processes as well as clinical disorders with social deficits such as autism and schizophrenia. Attempts at modeling the dynamics of social action and multi-agent behavior using various nonlinear and complex systems methods has also increased over the last several years, with many researchers demonstrating how simple low-dimensional dynamical or computational models can be employed to capture and explain the dynamics of ongoing joint-action and multi-agent behavior. A characteristic feature of these dynamical models is that they reveal how stable social action and multi-agent coordination arises naturally from the interaction of the physical, biomechanical, neural, informational, and social cognitive properties of a joint-action task context and goal, and cannot be ascribed to any one singular processes, agent, or level of analysis. The implications of these modeling endeavors for the design of robust and adaptive human-machine systems and robotic agents has not gone unnoticed, with a growing body of work now devoted to such joint-action, (bio)-inspired human-robotic interaction initiatives.

Die freie Verfügbarkeit dieser E-Book-Ausgabe auf Basis einer CC BY 4.0-Lizenz wurde ermöglicht durch die ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft.

While the main challenge in intertropical and boreal regions is tackling deforestation and forest resource degradation, forests and forestry in temperate regions face what may appear to be contradictory goals: to increase atmospheric carbon capture through sequestration in biomass and soils, while providing a growing share of the resources needed to produce essential material goods and energy for human societies as well as gradually renewing forests to enable them to adapt to future climate conditions. Creating a balance between these potentially competing priorities has been the subject of intense societal and scientific debate in recent years, which has prompted us to examine all aspects of these issues in greater depth. INRAE and IGN, at the request of the French Ministries responsible for agriculture and forestry, have jointly undertaken a scientific assessment to shed light on the details of this debate, using the example of forests and the forestry & wood sectors in metropolitan France. The results of this important exercise are presented in this book.

Mehrdeutigkeit wird oft als charakteristisches Merkmal von Literatur und als Kriterium für ihren ästhetischen Wert verstanden. Sie kann jedoch auch selbst zum Gegenstand literarischer Texte werden. Literatur kann also nicht nur mehrdeutig sein, sondern auch von Mehrdeutigkeit und dem Umgang mit ihr handeln. Texten dieser Art sind die hier versammelten Fallstudien gewidmet. Die Beiträge vermitteln einen exemplarischen Einblick in die literarischen Strategien, mit denen Mehrdeutigkeit in der deutschsprachigen Literatur von der Romantik bis zur Gegenwart zum Thema gemacht wird.