Open Access Books

Ce livre, version remaniée d’une thèse de doctorat, se propose d’étudier les relations entre juifs et chrétiens dans l’espace aragonais au XIIIe et première moitié du XIVe siècle. Durant ces 150 ans, la position des juifs y évolue de façon significative : ils passent d’une situation souvent qualifiée d’Âge d’Or – surtout si on la compare à ce que vivent leurs coreligionnaires ailleurs en Occident – à une aggravation de leurs conditions d’existence. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence cette évolution et surtout de tenter de l’expliquer. Alors qu’au départ, il existe dans la Couronne d’Aragon un réel décalage entre la position statutaire des juifs définie par l’Église, et la réalité qu’ils vivent au quotidien à mesure que la conjoncture se durcit, les relations avec les chrétiens se compliquent et la vie quotidienne est émaillée d’incidents parfois dramatiques. Pour saisir ces inflexions parfois imperceptibles, les relations entre juifs et chrétiens sont analysées à plusieurs niveaux et au moyen de sources de natures différentes : les documents de la pratique permettent d’appréhender la vie des hommes de toutes confessions dans ce qu’elle a de plus concret, et mettent en valeur la « convivence » qu’ils partagent le plus souvent. Les sources religieuses et théologiques permettent d’étudier la position de l’Église en théorie, mais aussi de voir comment la norme est mise en pratique, notamment au moyen de la prédication dont les juifs font l’objet en vue de leur conversion. Les œuvres et les démarches d’hommes comme Raymond Lulle ou Raymond Martin, qui sont à la fois des auteurs et des acteurs de la controverse avec les juifs, sont analysées et étudiées dans ce sens. Par ailleurs, les sources hébraïques, Responsa de Salomon ben Adret, compte-rendu de la Dispute de Barcelone en 1263 par Nahmanide, et divers traités d’exégètes et d’halakhistes permettent d’analyser la réaction des juifs au changement d’attitude des chrétiens. Enfin, la position du roi, arbitre des relations sociales dans ses États, est étudiée en filigrane. Les juifs sont pour lui un atout, essentiellement économique mais aussi politique et stratégique au moment où l’État s’élabore, et il les protège et garantit leurs privilèges, bien réels, tout au long de la période. Le choix de ces sources et de ces thèmes a pour ambition d’analyser une histoire « vivante » et mouvante et de saisir l’évolution des relations entre deux groupes dont la coexistence a produit de grandes richesses. Le large éventail de la documentation examinée permet une approche globale de la question et facilite l’analyse des fondements idéologiques des relations économiques et sociales.

In this volume Sabina Widmer analyses neutral Switzerland’s foreign policy in Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, and Somalia during the armed conflicts and regime changes of the late 1960s and 1970s, in a context of global Cold War and decolonisation.; Readership: All interested in Swiss foreign policy after 1945, neutrality during the Cold War, Africa in the Cold War, and European politics towards Africa.

Americana Emprendedora is a strategy to generate value, not only for the particular benefit of the institution and its direct stakeholders - students, alumni, faculty and staff at all levels - but also for their families, the region and the country. This is because we are convinced of the impact of entrepreneurship as an engine of economic and social development of individuals and communities.

The global phenomenon of organic food and farming, after three decades of progress, faces new challenges as markets mature and the impacts of the global recession start to change consumers and farmers' expectations. This global survey of the organic food and farming considers how the social sciences have come to understand in what way consumers make their choices as they shop, and how new national markets evolve. It also surveys how established organic sectors in North America and Europe are changing in response to the changes, that in part, the organic movement has created. Moving from a wide range of social science disciplines, methodologies and perspectives, this book represents an excellent starting place for new readers, and offers innovation to those already familiar with the literature.

Celosten prikaz razvoja in raziskovanja slovenskega folklornega pripovednega izročila odkriva vpogled v osnovne premise razvojne poti pripovedništva v slovenskem in mednarodnem kulturnem prostoru. Preko analize vsebin in poti širjenja je predstavljeno spreminjanje pripovedne kulture skozi prostor in čas. Literatura in slovstvena folklora sta se vzajemno oplajali in zato je pripovedno izročilo ne glede na razdalje, tako prostorske kot časovne, skupno bogastvo številnih narodov. Predstavljene so razvojne smernice od izročil najstarejših civilizacij do pripovedne kulture današnjih dni, kakor tudi različni žanri folklornega pripovedništva. Predstavljene so tudi metode in teorije raziskovanja, ki so se ali se še vedno uporabljajo in nastajajo v folkloristiki in na področju pripovedne kulture.

Gold, considered catalytically inactive for a long time, is now a fascinating partner of modern chemistry, as scientists such as Bond, Teles, Haruta, Hutchings, Ito and Hayashi opened new perspectives for the whole synthetic chemist community. Recently gold has attracted significant attention due to its advantageous characteristics as a catalytic material and since it allows easy functionalization with biologically active molecules. In this context, when gold is prepared as very small particles, it turns out to be a highly active catalyst. However, such a phenomenon completely disappears when the gold particle size grows into the micrometer range. Therefore, the preparation for obtaining an active gold catalyst is so important. The primary objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of gold metal nanoparticles and their application as promising catalysts.

The drums beat, an old man in a grand robe mutters incantations and three brides on horseback led by their grooms on foot proceed to the Naxi Wedding Courtyard, accompanied, watched and photographed the whole way by tourists, who have bought tickets for the privilege. The traditional wedding ceremonies are performed for the ethnic tourism industry in Lijiang, a World Heritage town in southwest China. This book examines how heritage interacts with social-cultural changes and how individuals perform and negotiate their identities through daily practices that include tourism, on the one hand, and the performance of ethnicity on the other. The wedding performances in Lijiang not only serve as a heritage 'product' but show how the heritage and tourism industry helps to shape people's values, dreams and expectations. This book also explores the rise of 'romantic consumerism' in contemporary China. Chinese dissatisfaction with the urban mundane leads to romanticized interests in practices and people deemed to be natural, ethnic, spiritual and aesthetic, and a search for tradition and authenticity. But what, exactly, are tradition and authenticity, and what happens to them when they are turned into performance?

This Special Issue welcomes research papers on new approaches that have been applied or are under development to improve preparedness and emergency response. We especially encourage the submission of inter-disciplinary and crosscutting research. We also encourage the submission of manuscripts that focus on various types of disasters, disaster and emergency research, and on policy or management solutions at multiple scales.

As U.S. military forces appear overcommitted and some ponder a possible return to the draft, the timing is ideal for a review of how the American military transformed itself over the past five decades, from a poorly disciplined force of conscripts and draft-motivated "volunteers" to a force of professionals revered throughout the world. Starting in the early 1960s, this account runs through the current war in Iraq, with alternating chapters on the history of the all-volunteer force and the analytic background that supported decisionmaking. The author participated as an analyst and government policymaker in many of the events covered in this book. His insider status and access offer a behind-the-scenes look at decisionmaking within the Pentagon and White House. The book includes a foreword by former Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird. The accompanying DVD contains more than 1,700 primary-source documents-government memoranda, Presidential memos and letters, staff papers, and reports-linked directly from citations in the electronic version of the book. This unique technology presents a treasure trove of materials for specialists, researchers, and students of military history, public administration, and government affairs to draw upon.

The book consists of 20 chapters, each addressing a certain aspect of human-computer interaction. Each chapter gives the reader background information on a subject and proposes an original solution. This should serve as a valuable tool for professionals in this interdisciplinary field. Hopefully, readers will contribute their own discoveries and improvements, innovative ideas and concepts, as well as novel applications and business models related to the field of human-computer interaction. It is our wish that the reader consider not only what our authors have written and the experimentation they have described, but also the examples they have set.

This article is devoted to a set of linguistics features of the diaries (1895– –1920) by Janina Konarska from 1914–1918. The author of the study analyses the manifestations of the Literary Polish language and the Colloquial Polish language in the examined texts. The signs of literacy are: eruditional lexis: aeroplan ‘areoplane’, emablować ‘amuse (woman)’, fraucymer ‘maids of honor’, zeppelin; sublime collocations: kraina krzyżów i mogił ‘the land of crosses and graves’ (p. 159); metaphores: na szczyt chwały poprowadzić ‘to lead to the top of glory’ (p. 135). The commonness signals are some expressions describing everyday life and food needs: dużo jabłek ‘a lot of apples’, kartofle ‘potatoes’ and problems of supply difficulties: najgorzej z cukrem ‘worst with sugar’; Mięsa zupełnie nie jadamy ‘We don’t eat meat at all’ (p. 283). Some colloqvial verbal lexems are excerpted: drapnął ‘He escaped’ (p. 159) władze ruskie zmykają ‘the Russian authorities are running away’ (p. 111) as well as some colloqvial phraseologies, eg. chyba pójdziemy do Tworek ‘We will probably get mad’ (p. 186), w skórę dać ‘ spanking’ ( p. 1 50). Th e N ominalizations a re c onfirmed by the both stylistic varieties. They reflect both war events: bój ‘fight’ (p. 130), wysadzenie mostu ‘blowing up the bridge’ (p. 170) and minor incidents: szukanie swoich torebeczek ‘looking for your bags’ (p. 145). The stylistic means of evaluation are demonstrated in the diary, eg. biedne te Kielce ‘poor Kielce’ (s. 121), okropne zajścia w Belgii ‘the horrible incidents in Belgium’ (p. 126), straszne czasy ‘terrible times’ (p. 122); dzielne Legiony ‘brave Legions’ (p. 284), wspaniały koncert ‘magnificent concert’ (p. 260). The superlative forms of adjectives are observed: Najokropniejsze jest to żołdactwo ‘The soldiery is the most horrible’ (p. 177), najpiękniejsze było to zjednoczenie duchowe całego niemal świata ‘The most beautiful was the spiritual union of almost the entire world’ (p. 262). The conclusion from the research is that the Konarska’s diary from the Great War is characterized by the stylistic diversity and richness of stylistic means.

Depuis le milieu des années 2000, la question de la dimension spatiale des rapports sociaux, des inégalités et des formes de domination est de plus en plus explorée en géographie française, mais aussi dans d’autres sciences sociales comme la sociologie et la science politique. L’ouvrage poursuit cette dynamique en contribuant à une forme de réflexivité, soit en explicitant des positionnements théoriques soumis à la discussion collective, soit en analysant la recherche comme des pratiques sociales qui s’affrontent à des cloisonnements ou des hiérarchies entre disciplines, langues ou champs nationaux, qu’il s’agit d’identifier pour pouvoir les dépasser. Espaces critiques peut alors se comprendre de deux façons : ce sont d’abord les différentes conceptions de la dimension spatiale mais aussi scalaire des rapports sociaux qu’élaborent les recherches critiques ; ce sont aussi les espaces sociaux, qui ne sont pas seulement académiques, dans lesquels les recherches sont élaborées, discutées et transmises.

This interdisciplinary volume deals with new methodological approaches to studying early medieval mobility. The chapters address innovative methods from the fields of history, archaeology, and the natural sciences, discussing the potential and limits of each methodological approach and shining the spotlight on historical and archaeological as well as scientific methods.

What does it mean to speak of »the human« today, when it is increasingly invoked in the design, deployment, and regulation of artificial intelligence? This interdisciplinary volume attempts to rethink humanism. Across ethics, aesthetics, and social critique, the contributors explore agency and responsibility, freedom and labor, embodiment and cognition, practical wisdom, love and reciprocity, and the ways algorithmic systems reorganize meaning and worldhood. Humanism emerges not as a doctrine or defense of human exceptionality, but as a critical practice of care for a shared world under conditions of technological abstraction.

Inhalt 1 Einleitung 11 Komik und Lächerlichkeit: eine unergründliche Differenz? 22 Aufbau und methodisches Vorgehen 35 2 Zum theoretischen Spannungsverhältnis von Komischem und Politischem 41 Das Komische als performatives Grenzphänomen 43 Überlegenheit, Inkongruenz und Entlastung: Die drei großen Erklärungsansätze der Komik- und Lachtheorie 46 Zur Ausdifferenzierung von Lächerlichem und Komischen ein theoriegeschichtlicher Abriss 53 Platon und Aristoteles: Die Komödie als Zähmung des Lächerlichen 56 Thomas Hobbes: Die politische Verwerfung des Komischen 75 Shaftesbury: Die Probe des Lächerlichen und Humor als sensus communis 86 Zwischenfazit: Die komische Differenz als ‚Paradigma der Modernitätserfahrung‘? 103 3 Ein unvollendetes Projekt zwischen Karneval und Kulturindustrie: Zur Theorie des Komischen nach und mit Michail Bachtin und Theodor W. Adorno 124 Michael Bachtin: Die frühneuzeitliche Lachkultur als Modell einer Karnevalisierung des Politischen 127 Theodor W. Adorno: „Das Kollektiv der Lacher parodiert die Menschheit“ – Vom falschen Lachen in der falschen Gesellschaft ..... 149 4 Humor und Hegemonie: Zum theatralen Gefüge des Lächerlichen 170 Wie viel Karneval steckt im ‚Theater‘ der Migration? Ethnischer Humor als ambivalentes Politikum 173 „Ein Lehrstück über Rassismus“ – Im Grenzgebiet von Theater von Alltagsrassismus 190 Angst und Empörung: Exkurs zur affektiven Ökonomie rassistischer Komik 207 Wi(e)der ein Lob der Ironie: Über die falschen Freunde des Komischen 227 „Ick bin ein Obama“ – Das Risiko der Lächerlichkeit und die Chance des Komischen 244 5 Konflikt und Gemeinschaft: Komische Situationen im Postmigrantischen Theater 263 Verrücktes Blut: Die Ironie eines Erfolgsstücks 267 (K)ein Beitrag zur Integrationsdebatte: Verrücktes Blut als Verwirrspiel mit der „Kanakenselbsthassnummer“ 271 „Lachen ist hier Kriegsführung“ – Über asymmetrische Lachkollektive 280 Common Ground: Zwischen komischer Vergemeinschaftung und dezentrierter Solidarität 292 Zwei Außenseiter zwischen den Fronten: Orit Nahmias und Niels Bormann als komische Strukturfiguren in Common Ground 294 Humor ohne Hegemonie? Zwischen Tabubruch und Entlastung des deutschen Gedächtnistheaters 309 6 Regel und Ausnahme: Komische Darstellungsstrategien als Suspension des Politischen 100 Populismus im Theater: Jilet Ayse Am Königsweg 324 „Na, gar nicht so schlecht für ein’ Kanaken, wa?“ Ein satirischer Fremdkörper in Am Königsweg 336 Politik als Farce? Zur politischen Beurteilung von Idil Baydars Gastauftritt 347 Wiederholung als Unterbrechung: Playblack 360 Eine kritische Hommage an die Wiederholungschleifen der Kulturindustrie 362 „Ein bisschen Spaß muss sein“? 375 7 Fazit 386 Literatur 395 Aufführungsverzeichnis 427 Abbildungen 428