Open Access Books

After the National Socialists seized power in Hamburg on March 8, 1933, the existing professional organisations of teachers were first brought together, then dissolved and replaced by the National Socialist Teachers' Association of Hamburg (Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund, NSLB), which was founded in 1931, as the only teacher organisation. The primary school teacher Wilhelm Schulz accomplished National Socialist ideology in the largest Hamburg-based teachers' organization, the Society of Friends of the Patriotic School and Education (Gesellschaft der Freunde des vaterländischen Schul- und Erziehungswesens, GdF), founded in 1805. The teacher's organisation ADLV (Allgemeiner Deutscher Lehrerinnenverein - General German Teachers' Association) has been given priority over equalisation through self-dissolution. In 1935, the professional association of senior teachers, the Hamburg Philologists' Association, was forced to dissolve itself under the pressure imposed on it. The NSLB, now the only professional organisation for teachers in Hamburg, was incorporated into the Political Organisation of the NSDAP. After the beginning of the war, the NSLB lost more and more importance. In the course of the "total war" in February 1943 the Hamburg NSLB was also "shut down" for the duration of the war, at the command of the Führer. His story was thus already over two years before the fall of the dictatorship.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) was one of the first tumors in which the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis were investigated and confirmed. We now recognize that tumors appearing identical under microscopic examination exhibit molecular differences, and this explains the diverse patient outcomes commonly encountered in clinical practice. Despite their similar appearance, cancers are inherently distinct. However, even in the era of molecular medicine and targeted therapies, the majority of patients with metastatic CRC ultimately succumb to the disease, experiencing a diminished quality of life and a significant number of years of potential life lost. This is especially true as younger individuals increasingly fall victim to this illness. Much remains to be understood regarding the mechanisms contributing to the carcinogenesis and temporal evolution of CRC. This Special Issue is dedicated to recent research exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC, encompassing multi-omics analyses and environmental interactions with diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive value. A fascinating world is open to research, and we hope to shed further light on the biology of this common yet still lethal tumor. We are delighted to embark on this journey with our colleagues, as today's scientific progress relies on collaboration between clinicians and basic scientists. We hope you enjoy this Special Issue.

A deep dive into the social mind-brain, examining the processes we share with other social animals and illuminating those that are uniquely human.What Makes Us Social? is a scholarly but accessible exploration of the underlying processes that make humans the most social species on the planet. Chris and Uta Frith, pioneers in the field of cognitive neuroscience, review the many forms of social behavior that we humans share with other animals and examine the special form that only humans possess, including its dark side. These uniquely human abilities allow us to reflect on our behavior and share these reflections with other people, which in turn enables us to reason why we do things and to exert some control over our automatic behaviors. As a result, we can learn cooperatively with others and create and value cultural artifacts that survive through the generations. Going beyond how we come to know ourselves and understand the minds of others, Frith and Frith investigate how we adapt mutually to make social interactions work. This book stands out in its application of a computational framework—one that lies at the intersection of psychology and artificial intelligence—to key concepts of social cognition, such as empathy, trust, group identity, and reputation management. Ultimately, What Makes Us Social? is a profound examination of the ways we communicate, cooperate, share, and compete with other humans and how these capabilities define us as a species.

Die Beiträge dieses Open-Access-Bandes bringen demokratietheoretische Fragestellungen mit partizipatorischen Erfahrungen aus Quartieren zusammen. Charakteristisch für viele partizipative Planungsmodi ist ihr sozialräumlicher Kontext – das Quartier. Über dessen Mehrwert für gelingende Demokratie ist jedoch nur wenig bekannt: Während mit partizipativen Verfahren auf der Quartiersebene versucht wird, möglichst viele Menschen zu erreichen und so die Demokratie zu stärken, gibt es vor Ort Initiativen, die die Quartiersentwicklung als Koproduzierende stärker aktiv mitbestimmen möchten. Konflikte – und damit Anlässe für demokratische Momente – sind vorprogrammiert, wenn externe Interessen auf lokale Bedürfnisse stoßen. Dieses Buch bietet dazu vielfältige Erkenntnisse aus Wissenschaft und Praxis.

The work shows a process that starts from the digitization of cultural heritage and through analysis arrives at the subsequent diachronic holographic representation. The object of the study was the creation of two holograms of historical buildings: the church of St. Maria in Sovana with an interesting subsoil and the ruin of church of St. Francesco, attributed to Sangallo il Giovane in Pitigliano. However, the theoretical setting of the research is placed at due distance from the twin term. It has implications and meaning that are not matched by producing a digital copy, even a very high resolution one. The use of different cognitive technologies and the assembly of the various inputs in a digital model can never be defined as a twin of the original. Bearing in mind what has just been specified, the work was organized according to different levels of acquisition of cognitive data. Obtained from the survey and from historical studies the shape of the original state, a historical narrative interweaving of digital models has been created. The hologram is a three-dimensional and dynamic representation, which in the case of the church of San Francesco shows the reconstruction of the ancient architectural complex, visualizing the evolution of the studies of historical documents, up to the vision of today's ruin. For the church of S. Maria, the underground area is reconstructed through the geoelectric analysis of the subsoil and of the urban composition. Use of high detection technologies (GPR and HVNSR). The holographic of the artifact, promotes scientific divulgation and its dissemination sharing experience, it is not realized through device indeed, but thanks a holographic display

Over the last few decades the prevalence of studies about probiotics strains has dramatically grown in most regions of the world. Probiotics are specific strains of microorganisms, which when served to human or animals in proper amount, have a beneficial effect, improving health or reducing risk of getting sick and the probiotics are used in production of functional foods and pharmaceutical products. This book provides the maximum of information approaching issues as probiotics in food, health, biotechnological aspects and the use of probiotics in aquaculture for all that need them trying with this to help many people at worldwide.

A Smart City is the perfect environment to study and exploit the interactions between actors because its architecture already integrates vaious elements to collect data and connect to its citizens. Furthermore, the proliferation of web platforms (e.g., social media and web fora) and the increased affordability of sensors and IoT devices (e.g., smart meters) make data related to a large and diverse set of users accessible, as their activities in the digital world reflect their real-life actions. These new technologies can be of great use for the stakeholders as, on the one hand, they provide them with semantically rich inputs and frequent updates at a relatively cheap cost and, on the other, form a direct channel of communication with the citizens. To fully exploit these new data sources, we need both novel computational methods (e.g., AI, data mining algorithms, knowledge representation) that are suitable for analyzing and understanding the dynamics behind energy consumption and also a deeper understanding of how these methods can be integrated into the existing design and decision processes (e.g., human-in-the-loop processes).Therefore, this Special Issue welcomed original multidisciplinary research works about AI, data science methods, and their integration in existing design/decision-making processes in the domain of energy consumption in Smart Cities.

Die freie Verfügbarkeit dieser E-Book-Ausgabe auf Basis einer CC BY 4.0-Lizenz wurde ermöglicht durch die ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft.

One of the questions in the fight against terrorism is whether the United States needs a counterterrorism domestic intelligence agency separate from law enforcement. Drawing on an analysis of current counterterrorism efforts, an examination the domestic intelligence agencies in six other democracies, and interviews with intelligence and law enforcement experts, this volume lays out the relevant considerations for creating such an agency.

Ständig oder durch regelmäßige Überschwemmungen periodisch unter Wasser liegende Feuchtgebiete prägten das Landschaftsbild im vorindustriellen Europa. Doch Moore, Sümpfe und Bruchgebiete wurden schon seit der frühen Neuzeit zu Schauplätzen von Meliorationsprojekten. Sie bezweckten die Erweiterung agrarischer Nutzflächen und trugen zur Intensivierung des Ackerbaus wie auch zur Entwicklung von Handel und Verkehr bei. Meliorationen gingen häufig mit Migrationen und neuen Siedlungsgründungen einher. Im Band wird deshalb neben agrarischer Expansion und Mobilität auch der Begriff "Kolonie" mit seinen unterschiedlichen Bedeutungsdimensionen wie Kolonialisierung, Kolonisierung und Kolonisation untersucht. Die Meliorationsbeispiele aus Mittel- und Ostmitteleuropa belegen die vielfache Verschränkung ökonomischer, demographischer, ökologischer und kultureller Fragen und zeigen neben dem zeittypischen Fortschrittsglauben – gerade auch aus heutiger Perspektive – lehrreiche Schattenseiten des Eingriffs des Menschen in die Natur.

Various types of casting processes have been developed to manufacture good-quality castings. Different casting processes produce different casting properties and microstructures in castings. This book examines various types of casting processes as well as their properties and applications. Over six chapters in four sections, this volume discusses semi-solid casting and squeeze casting processes, the flowability of sand mixtures and liquid metal flow in mold cavities, gravity die casting, and cast iron technology.

The book comprises of different areas in which vortex dynamics is important, its generation, evolution, interactions with other motions, and finally the ways it can be controlled. Vortex characteristics are important in many aspects of our lives, from blood circulation in the arteries to the high-speed jet. Flow control and manipulation of vortices have been used to reduce drag for large tankers resulting in billions of dollars in savings. An effective smoke management system must be put in place for critical areas to ensure the safety of people, for example in a very large shopping complex or a large airport. Advanced computational and cloud-computing facilities have contributed significantly to large-scale simulation projects. Therefore, validations could be performed for larger windows of study so that it can now cover the entire e.g. central business district (CBD) for urban heat island (UHI) study or land-ocean interactions.

Although international arbitration is widely hailed as an efficient, confidential and flexible way of settling commercial disputes, it has its limits. The arbitral tribunal’s lack of coercive power is thrown into particularly stark relief when it comes to the taking of evidence from third parties outside the arbitral proceedings. If they do not comply voluntarily with the request of the arbitral tribunal to testify as a witness or disclose documents, assistance must be sought from state courts. As the success of a case hinges on the evidence that a party can obtain, it is crucial to understand how to obtain evidence through state courts. At the heart of this work is the question of the conditions under which state courts may offer assistance in international arbitral proceedings. With a special focus on Switzerland and comparative aspects, this book provides helpful tactical insights for arbitral practitioners around the world.

Advances in Kidney Transplantation explores recent progress in the field of renal transplantation, highlighting scientific innovations, technological advancements, and clinical perspectives. This volume brings together contributions from international experts who address key topics such as immunological compatibility, strategies to reduce rejection, new immunosuppressive therapies, and improvements in postoperative management. Furthermore, the ethical and social challenges surrounding organ donation are examined, with an emphasis on the need for equitable access to this life-changing therapy. We hope this book will serve as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and students seeking to understand the latest developments in this critical area of medicine. We extend our gratitude to all the contributors who made this work possible.