Open Access Books

« Pratique du traduire » est le titre d’un séminaire qui fait suite aux séminaires « Théorie » et « Critique du Traduire ». La distinction radicale entre les trois est évidemment partiellement factice, mais il fallait à la fois nommer chacun de ces séminaires et souligner une sorte de progression (souhaitée et souhaitable) dans l’apprentissage du métier de traducteur­-traduisant, une fois admis que ce métier exigeait une formation : d’abord se familiariser avec la problématique (on ne traduit pas une langue, mais une littérature en langue ; la littérature traduite doit conserver en français ses caractéristiques, nous ne sommes pas là pour produire du bon français fluide), ensuite apprendre à lire des textes traduits en tant que textes traduits (ce que ne fait presque jamais la critique), enfin, sur la base de traductions existantes, écrire. Dans tous les cas, et c’est l’aspect le plus déroutant de la méthode pratiquée à l’Inalco et l’École de traduction littéraire du CNL, on travaillera sur diverses langues, indépendamment du savoir des apprenants. Il n’est pas nécessaire de connaître chaque langue pour savoir lire et corriger (modestement) un texte traduit. Il faut et il suffit de le traiter en tant que texte traduit, quels qu’aient été les choix du traducteur, même si son objectif – hélas trop fréquent encore – était de gommer ou d’effacer l’acte de traduire. Ce livre ou manuel, est le résultat d’une posture de traducteurs, c’est­à­dire le résultat des réflexions croisées de traducteurs enseignants d’une part, d’autre part le désir de faire des participants au séminaire, à leur tour, des traduisants. Ces réflexions sur des pratiques (que les champs littéraires embrasses peuvent rendre très hétérogènes) ne nous ont pas conduit à proposer un catalogue de réponses, de trucs et astuces ou une boite à outils. Il s’agit d’une série de questionnements soulevés par la pratique des textes (le traducteur est, avec l’auteur, le seul à connaitre le livre mot à mot), destinés à aiguiser un regard, une attitude. Le futur traducteur sera donc appelé à développer une démarche proche sur la base d’enquêtes collectives. Rien ne serait plus éloigné de notre pensée que d’imaginer en arriver à une solution unique. Mais nous nous refusons tout autant à en inférer que tout est relatif, tout est équivalent, que toutes les solutions se valent. Les solutions acceptables sont celles qu’aura dicté le texte à traduire.

Dans Los mares del Sur (1979), le détective Pepe Carvalho, héros des romans de l’écrivain Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, affirme faire partie de la génération de Barcelonais qui a grandi sous la menace d’un internement à l’Asilo Durán. Si elle est encore présente aujourd’hui dans la mémoire collective barcelonaise, cette institution corrective est, comme celles qui étaient réparties sur l’ensemble du territoire espagnol depuis le début du xxe siècle, très peu connue des historiens. L’ouvrage se propose de combler cette lacune et de documenter le sort des « voyous » et des « filles déchues » internés durant la période de la dictature franquiste (1939-1975) dans deux maisons de redressement, l’Asilo Durán et la Colonia San Vicente Ferrer de Valence. Il s’agit tout autant d’en franchir les murs pour documenter, malgré les silences des archives, la vie quotidienne des pensionnaires, que d’observer durant toute la durée de la dictature les rapports entre le pouvoir franquiste, l’Église catholique et les habitants des quartiers populaires et marginaux des grandes villes espagnoles.Même pendant la période de l’immédiat après-guerre civile, marquée par une répression impitoyable et par la volonté d’écraser les vaincus, les maisons de redressement ne constituent étonnamment pas un lieu de répression politique dans lequel les enfants de « rouges » seraient surreprésentés. En revanche, le caractère profondément traditionnaliste et religieux de la prise en charge de la jeunesse dangereuse et en danger est très clair, ce qui permet de caractériser plus finement encore la nature d’un régime qui ne cesse de poser question aux historiens.

Current fundamental electronic-structure theory allows for the accurate prediction and characterization of elemental metals adopting any allotropic structure, intermetallic compounds, and other metal-rich phases. From an engineering perspective, there is a need for structural materials that are suitable for mechanical and civil engineering as well as energy production and conversion. While different microstructural features influence the macroscopic behaviour, quantum-mechanical simulation may enormously accelerate and guide the entire development process since atomistic modelling allows for the generation of structural models and the calculation of enthalpies and other free energies as a function of pressure and temperature. Among other things, this volume covers high-manganese steels, some of which have come to light within Collaborative Research Centre 761 (“Steel ab initio”). In particular, it deals with short-range ordering from experiment and theory, also highlighting carbide-like precipitates, and it bridges the gap between atomistic and continuum levels, in particular for hydrogen embrittlement. Molecular dynamics simulates crack propagation, and first-principles theory helps in growing better intermetallic thin films and predicts structural and elastic properties. Eventually, multiscale modelling of hydrogen transport is provided, and the chemical reasons for H-trapping κ-carbides are highlighted. First-principles theory has acquired a powerful role in the fundamental and applied research of metals, alloys, and metallic compounds.

This open access book provides a historical treatment of scientific control in experimentation in the longue durée. The introduction distinguishes four related strands in the history of experimental control: the development of practices to stabilize experimental conditions; the career of the comparative design; the unfolding of methodological discussions about control practices and designs; and the history of the term “control”. Each chapter brings these distinctions to bear on specific historical episodes. The focus is on experiments with complex, elusive phenomena such as perception and learning, irregular movements, and unobservable elements. Such experiments bring control issues to the fore because they are difficult to design and stabilize and often controversial. Together, the chapters show that the local context shapes what exactly is controlled, how control can be accomplished, and how controls are justified. They also show that control strategies and methodological ideas often remain stable for a long time and change only gradually. This book, as well as the volume on analysis and synthesis in experimentation by the same editors, contains contributions by an array of experts from multiple disciplines, making it suitable for historians and philosophers of science and students alike.

"On September 12th 2008, Lehman Brothers was valued at 639 billion US dollars. On Monday 15th September, it was worth nothing. How could trillions of dollars seemingly melt into air? Lehman Brothers had a long and prestigious history, and certainly until the end of 2007 had appeared to be conducting a very successful business. Its collapse was the largest bankruptcy in American history and is widely regarded as a crucial event in triggering the turmoil in the markets that triggered the global financial crisis. In this book, Oonagh McDonald, the author of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, unravels the events of that fateful September weekend. Using extensive documentary evidence and interviews with former Lehman employees, she reveals the decisions that led to Lehman's collapse, looks at why the government refused a bail-out and whether the implications of this refusal were fully understood. In clear and accessible language she demonstrates both the short and long term effects of Lehman's collapse. This is a fascinating story, with very wide implications. In particular, it raises vital questions about virtual capital and artificial value. McDonald uses her study of the Lehman collapse to examine what is meant by economic value and how it should be identified and measured."

Despite significant accomplishments to date, kidney transplantation is a relatively young field in medicine. Due to the armamentarium of agents available to effectively suppress the immune system, the past decade has seen a shift in focus from prevention of rejection to a focus on extending the life of the allograft and novel strategies to increase the organ donor pool. This book covers basic concepts in kidney transplantation while also addressing ways to manage kidney transplant recipients in order to maximize patient and graft survival. In addition, novel concepts to increase organ availability are addressed, including kidney paired donation and single site laparoendoscopic donor nephrectomy for living donor kidney transplantation, and utilization of marginal, hepatitis C positive, and older donor organs to increase deceased donor transplant opportunities.

The paper is about Sergej Ivanovič Zarudnyj, a central figure in Tsar Alexander II’s “great reforms”. Descended from the family of a Cossack staršyna from Sloboda Ukraine, Zarudnyj had a brillant career in the imperial capital as a engaged reformer of Russia’s backwards legal system. His cultural origins, his family’s history, and his education at Kharkiv University deeply affected his translation work and legal discourse; in both of these spheres, he aimed to introduce and popularize the products of Italian legal culture in the Russian Empire.

Melt additives are low molar mass molecules which are added to polymers during processing. If the molecules migrate to the surface, the properties of the polymer surface can be tailored. Therefore, melt additives offer an easy to implement method to hydrophilize hydrophobic polymers, such as polypropylene. For reproducible product quality, it is necessary to control and understand the complex migration process, influenced by diffusion, surface segregation, miscibility or polymer morphology. Various commercially available surfactants (ethoxylated alcohols, PEO-PPO block copolymers, sorbitan esters) are investigated to determine which requirements have to be met by molecules to be utilized as hydrophilic melt additives. In order to correlate polymer morphology and additive migration, a method was developed which determines the degree of crystallinity and the additive concentration at the surface and in the bulk of samples using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It is demonstrated, that the hydrophilization of the surface is a function of the additive surface concentration and the ability of the additive to enable wetting. Ethoxylated alcohols with a low molar mass, a long hydrophobic and a short hydrophilic part of the surfactant impart the highest hydrophilicity. Novel models for structure formation during injection molding, film casting and fiber spinning are developed using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR. The migration of additives with varying molecular architectures was determined over a period of 1000 hours and described using a semiempirical migration equation. Coefficients characterizing the kinetics and thermodynamics of migration are described as a function of the most relevant process parameters and the associated change in polymer morphology. The experiments revealed that migration depends on the packing density of polymer chains given by molecular orientation and (post-)crystallization of the polymer. Besides polymer morphology, the miscibility and molecular dimensions of the additive as well as the storage conditions after production (time and temperature) affect migration. Within the scope of the work, permanent and durable melt additives for polypropylene as well as methods for the selective activation of hydrophilicity were found.

Il legame tra scienze e filosofia è collocato al cuore della cultura moderna; da lì, potente e spesso invisibile, influenza l’organizzazione della società, le scelte e i rapporti degli esseri umani, l’idea che hanno di sé stessi e del proprio posto nell’universo. Raramente, tuttavia, questo legame è stato confuso e conflittuale come oggi.Molti ritengono che le scoperte dell’astronomia, dell’evoluzionismo e delle neuroscienze siano incompatibili con la tradizione filosofica occidentale, che dovrebbe al massimo ottenere un posto onorevole nel cimitero delle idee. Altri condividono quest’impressione di incompatibilità, ma ne traggono lezioni diverse: che le scienze naturali siano mera tecnologia, incapaci di parlarci delle questioni decisive, oppure che l’incompatibilità debba essere eliminata con qualche compromesso artificioso – la morale alla filosofia e la verità alle scienze, i fatti alle scienze e le interpretazioni alla filosofia.Questo libro racconta una storia molto diversa. Nella Prima Parte, dedicata alla genealogia dell’evoluzionismo e della psicologia moderni, troverete una difesa dell’idea che la separazione tra essi e la filosofia tradizionale sia stata costruita per ragioni estranee a entrambe, e a discapito di entrambe. Nella Seconda Parte, più speculativa e ispirata alle scienze della vita contemporanee, troverete invece un tentativo di sistematica integrazione tra le due.

With the amazing advances of scientific research, Hydrodynamics - Theory and Application presents the engineering applications of hydrodynamics from many countries around the world. A wide range of topics are covered in this book, including the theoretical, experimental, and numerical investigations on various subjects related to hydrodynamic problems. The book consists of twelve chapters, each of which is edited separately and deals with a specific topic. The book is intended to be a useful reference to the readers who are working in this field.

Chilean communist party

This volume provides a state-of-the-art overview of the field of more-than-human studies, bringing together contemporary and essential content from leading authors across the discipline. With attention to the intellectual history of the field, its developments and extensions, its applications and its significance to contemporary society, it presents empirical studies and theoretical work covering long-established disciplines, as well as new writing on art, history, politics, planning, architecture, research methodology and ethics. An elaboration of the various dimensions of more-than-human studies, The Routledge International Handbook of More-than-Human Studies constitutes essential reading for anyone studying or researching in this field.

This volume presents the state of the art in digital scholarly editing. Drawing together the work of established and emerging researchers, it gives pause at a crucial moment in the history of technology in order to offer a sustained reflection on the practices involved in producing, editing and reading digital scholarly editions-and the theories that underpin them. The unrelenting progress of computer technology has changed the nature of textual scholarship at the most fundamental level: the way editors and scholars work, the tools they use to do such work and the research questions they attempt to answer have all been affected. Each of the essays in Digital Scholarly Editing approaches these changes with a different methodological consideration in mind. Together, they make a compelling case for re-evaluating the foundation of the discipline-one that tests its assertions against manuscripts and printed works from across literary history, and the globe. The sheer breadth of Digital Scholarly Editing along with its successful integration of theory and practice help redefine a rapidly-changing field, as its firm grounding and future-looking ambit ensure the work will be an indispensable starting point for further scholarship. This collection is essential reading for editors, scholars, students and readers who are invested in the future of textual scholarship and the digital humanities.

Notre intérêt actuel pour les chefs-d’œuvre de la Grèce antique n’est certes pas une nouveauté. Si les ouvrages majeurs de la pensée et de la littérature, qui constituent assurément l’un des fondements de la civilisation occidentale, ont été constamment lus et étudiés, qu’en est-il des chefs d’œuvre architecturaux et artistiques ? Lorenz E. Baumer mène ici une enquête archéologique sur le destin des œuvres monumentales de la Grèce classique, à la fin de l’Antiquité. Il s’interroge notamment sur le devenir des temples païens à l’époque où le christianisme a conquis le Bassin méditerranéen ou sur la réutilisation, dans les derniers siècles de l’Antiquité, d’œuvres datant de la période classique - réutilisation qui traduit par rapport à l’art du passé une attitude radicalement différente de la nôtre mais qui considère ces ouvrages comme des œuvres vivantes et toujours susceptibles de parler. À travers ces interrogations se pose, de manière lancinante, la question de la pertinence religieuse de ces œuvres (païennes) dans un monde de plus en plus christianisé.

Concrete is widely used because of its versatility, affordability, and availability of raw materials, strength, and durability. Urban development that took place through the world in the last few decades yielded significant developments for concrete technology. The term high-performance concrete (HPC) is relatively new, and it refers to many properties such as strength, durability, sound and heat insulation, waterproofing, and side advantages such as air purification, self-cleaning, etc. Researchers and engineers are constantly working for improving concrete properties. This book provides the state of the art on recent progress in the high-performance concrete applications written by researchers and experts of the field. The book should be useful to graduate students, researchers, and practicing engineers in related fields.