Humanities & Social Sciences

Unlike other professions, the impact of information and communication technology on interpreting has been moderate so far. However, recent advances in the areas of remote, computer-assisted, and, most recently, machine interpreting, are gaining the interest of both researchers and practitioners. This volume aims at exploring key issues, approaches and challenges to the interplay of interpreting and technology, an area that is still underrepresented in the field of Interpreting Studies. The contributions to this volume cover topics in the area of computer-assisted and remote interpreting, both in the conference as well as in the court setting, and report on experimental studies.

Though the Quaestiones Convivales may be considered a ‘minor work’, they nevertheless contain no less than nine books, in which Plutarch, following in the wake of Plato, Xenophon and others, collected in written form the most interesting of the learned conversations that took place during banquets. Since early times scholars have tried to determine whether this work mirrors conversations really held at the table and to what extent it was influenced by literary antecedents. A painstaking philological reading allows a glimpse into Plutarch’s method and leads to the conclusion that the several books should be dated at different times.

Der Sammelband bietet einen systematischen Überblick über Grundlagen, empirische Erkenntnisse und Reflexionen zur Umsetzung inklusiver Bildung im Bildungssystem Islands und regt so den internationalen Dialog an. Neben dem Fokus auf die gesellschaftliche Diskussion von Herausforderungen in Island im Vergleich zu deutschsprachigen Ländern werden von isländischen und deutschen Expert*innen Forschungs- und Qualifizierungsprojekte vorgestellt, Beispiele inklusiver Schulen und Lernprozesse erläutert sowie Erkenntnisse zur Gestaltung inklusionsorientierter Lehrer*innenbildung beschrieben.

Language plays an essential role both in creating law and in governing its implementation. Providing an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this subject, Language and Law:describes the different registers and genres that make up spoken and written legal language and how they develop over time; analyses real-life examples drawn from court cases from different parts of the world, illustrating the varieties of English used in the courtroom by speakers occupying different roles; addresses the challenges presented to our notions of law and regulation by online communication; discusses the complex role of translation in bilingual and multilingual jurisdictions, including Hong Kong and Canada; and provides readings from key scholars in the discipline, including Lawrence Solan, Peter Goodrich, Marianne Constable, David Mellinkoff, and Chris Heffer. With a wide range of activities throughout, this accessible textbook is essential reading for anyone studying language and law or forensic linguistics.

What was the function of representing deities and also humans in the ancient Near-East? Which were the different ways of making gods visible, and the specific functions of these representations? Might these material and visual representations help us to better understand official cults, as well as private cults? What was the role of images in the royal cult? Was the king the only “image” of the gods, or could all humans fulfill this role? Why were cult images forbidden? Does the biblical prohibition have any precedent or parallel in the ancient Near-East, or elsewhere? And how do the ways of representing gods and humans change in the absence of cultic images? The conference Representing Gods and Humans in the Ancient Near-East and in the Bible, held at the Collège de France, Paris, on May 5-6 2015, sought to shed light on these questions surrounding the image, a critical issue for our understanding of ancient as well as modern religions.

After being dominant during about a century since its invention by Baudouin de Courtenay at the end of the nineteenth century, morpheme is more and more replaced by lexeme in contemporary descriptive and theoretical morphology. The notion of a lexeme is usually associated with the work of P. H. Matthews (1972, 1974), who characterizes it as a lexical entity abstracting over individual inflected words. Over the last three decades, the lexeme has become a cornerstone of much work in both inflectional morphology and word formation (or, as it is increasingly been called, lexeme formation). The papers in the present volume take stock of the descriptive and theoretical usefulness of the lexeme, but also adress many of the challenges met by classical lexeme-based theories of morphology.

Literary tyrant figures and the tyranny as a form of rule are politically and aesthetically constructed. Aesthetics of tyranny are examined in literary texts in connection with aesthetic theories. With the inclusion of state and cultural theories as well as the construction of tyrannical masculinities, texts from the 18th century to the present are analyzed.

Sinnliche Wahrnehmung und deren Deutung bilden die Grundlage unserer Welterfahrung. Wissenschaftler und Gestalter fragen daher seit der Antike, auf welche Weise ästhetische Empfindungen unser Fühlen, Denken und Handeln prägen. Michael Heinrich führt zunächst wissenschaftliche Perspektiven zur Ästhetik vergleichend zusammen und entwirft übergreifende Denkmodelle. Dabei wird erstmalig der enge Zusammenhang zwischen Ästhetik, Bewusstsein und Zeitwahrnehmung verdeutlicht, an Beispielen erklärt und konzeptionalisiert. Eine Übersicht zu den beachtlichen Auswirkungen ästhetischer Umfeldqualitäten auf Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden verweist schlussendlich auf die Verantwortung und das hohe Potenzial integrativen Designs für menschliche Lebensqualität.

This book updates reader-response criticism as the foundation of aesthetic reading in the classroom by bringing it in line with cognitive theories in literary studies and linguistics. With the help of Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner‘s conceptual integration theory, which shares a surprising number of correspondences with Wolfgang Iser‘s The Act of Reading, it is possible to flesh out the latter‘s model of narrative meaning-making. In turn, this allows for a consistent reader-response approach to the medium of comics and auto/biography as one of its dominant genres. The fragmentation of comics narratives, but also of human lives and identities, requires such a theory that can explain how different perspectives and experiences can be blended into an experiential whole.

Chinese Sympathies examines how Europeans—German-speaking writers and thinkers in particular—identified with Chinese intellectual and literary traditions following the circulation of Marco Polo's Travels. This sense of affinity expanded and deepened, Daniel Leonhard Purdy shows, as generations of Jesuit missionaries, baroque encyclopedists, Enlightenment moralists, and translators established intellectual regimes that framed China as being fundamentally similar to Europe. Analyzing key German literary texts—theological treatises, imperial histories, tragic dramas, moral philosophies, literary translations, and poetic cycles—Chinese Sympathies traces the paths from baroque-era missionary reports that accommodated Christianity with Confucianism to Goethe's concept of world literature, bridged by Enlightenment debates over cosmopolitanism and sympathy, culminating in a secular principle that allowed readers to identify meaningful similarities across culturally diverse literatures based on shared human experiences. This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of the Pennsylvania State University. Learn more at the TOME website, available at: openmonographs.org. The open access edition is available at Cornell Open (cornellpress.cornell.edu/cornell-open) and other repositories.

The highly metaphorical language that is used in the dream narratives of the Hieroi Logoi written by the Mysian orator Aelius Aristides has hitherto hardly been assessed in a manner adequate to its depth. In her interpretation of this text that turns out to be heavily loaded with religious meaning, the author of the present monograph deploys an allegorical approach that emerges from her analyses of relevant oneirocritical texts and literature.

This edited volume interrogates the role of media technologies in the formation of environments, understood both as physical spaces and epistemological constructs about them. Using the concept of ‘environing media’, the book advances a deeper understanding of how media processes – defined here as the storage, process, and transmission of data – influence human-Earth relations.Virtually all aspects of the interconnected global ecological crisis can be related to the intensification and acceleration of scaling up the human imprint on the planet by technological means. Combining ideas from the humanities, arts, and humanistic social sciences, Environing Media offers a perspective on how we entered the current geological epoch – the Anthropocene. The ten chapters explore colonial, planetary and elemental environing media, with cases including indigenous history, ocean monitoring, computational history, climate modelling, environmental history, the air as medium, the biosphere and the Earth system. Drawing upon a breadth of examples and expertise in history, anthropology, geography, cultural history, science and technology studies, and media studies, the book discovers a novel approach to human-Earth histories that demonstrates how technologies have mediated between humans and environments and in the process contributed to a societal feedback loop between knowing and doing environment, each impacting the other. Environing Media is a timely addition for scholars and upper-level students in environmental humanities and media studies.

This open access book analyses Iberian expansion by using knowledge accumulated in recent years to test some of the most important theories regarding Europe’s economic development. Adopting a comparative perspective, it considers the impact of early globalization on Iberian and Western European institutions, social development and political economies. In spite of globalization’s minor importance from the commercial perspective before 1750, this book finds its impact decisive for institutional development, political economies, and processes of state-building in Iberia and Europe. The book engages current historiographies and revindicates the need to take the concept of composite monarchies as a point of departure in order to understand the period’s economic and social developments, analysing the institutions and societies resulting from contact with Iberian peoples in America and Asia. The outcome is a study that nuances and contests an excessively-negative yet prevalent image of the Iberian societies, explores the difficult relationship between empires and globalization and opens paths for comparisons to other imperial formations.

The pandemic crisis has made increasingly relevant and urgent to reflect on the way our cities are organised, on an intra-urban scale. The book aims to bring to the reader's attention the theme of urban neighbourhoods, approaching it from a sociological point of view. The first two chapters outline the theoretical and analytical framework of the neighbourhood approach, contextualising social capital in a differentiated urban dimension within it and recognising the specificity of places and territories in which collective life is organised. In the central chapters, declined in more applicative terms, the reflection focuses on spatialisation of public housing and social mix in the city of Bologna; on residential practices and strategies in the Scampia district (Naples), from which the dynamics of an informal real estate market of social rents emerge. The book continues with an action-research on neighbourhood effect and equity in the right to health within the urban context of Bologna. The final chapter is dedicated to the sustainable city and the importance of neighbourhoods in facing the global challenge of climate change.

What is success at work and why is it important? How do top workers describe their success? How can work, community, leadership, family, or home and school promote success? Success at work is often associated with career-oriented individuals who sacrifice other areas of life to achieve highly in the workplace, but success can also be defined in other ways. It can consist of feelings of knowledge, competence and accomplishment, stemming from an inner drive to work well and create an expression of mastery. This book focuses on employees who have been rewarded for their skills and expertise. Based on the authors’ in-depth research into the phenomenon of success at work, this book provides a positive human-strength based approach to success and offers a fresh viewpoint to the modern, demanding and hectic work life. Drawing from the theory of positive psychology and outlining new theoretical ideas including work motivation, career orientation, work characteristics, and positive states of work, success is described as a combination of multiple elements which include other areas of life. The book is illustrated throughout with case studies from employees, and it will ignite thoughts about what success at work is and can be, and how to recognize factors which enhance or hinder success in varying contexts. Considering a variety of data, this book will appeal to researchers and academics from the fields of work and organisational psychology, positive psychology, career counselling and coaching.