Economics & Development

The ways in which mechanisms to strengthen the supervision, management and assessment of teaching quality have been implemented has varied considerably across Papua New Guinea (PNG). Even in provinces with relatively strong performance in education, like Simbu, implementation faces many challenges and the approaches taken are determined both by local factors and by central government policies and systems. This case study focuses on the implementation of Supervision and Management Reform (SMR) and School-Based Teacher Assessment (SBTA) in Simbu. It outlines the broader national context for these reforms, describes how Simbu is approaching their implementation, and considers the challenges of translating these efforts into improved teaching quality. The quotations included are from interviews with past and present senior officials and education stakeholders in Simbu.

Green fiscal policies in Georgia can tackle emerging socio-economic bottlenecks and contribute to inclusive and sustainable economic growth and efficiency. This report offers a toolkit for the Ministry of Finance based on simulations of different carbon pricing options. Such measures can improve the effectiveness of the tax system; raise revenues at lower cost to economic growth; address negative externalities that arise from low fuel prices (relative to their efficient values); and reduce exposure to emerging international carbon-related tax schemes such as, European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The report offers a long-term reform agenda and does not explicitly consider recent supply-side disruptions in energy markets in the Middle East. However, it outlines a path to reduce energy import dependence. Furthermore, environmental taxation offers a politically feasible path to broaden the tax base, and support formalization by shifting tax burdens away from labor. The current fiscal structure places greater tax burdens on labor and consumption rather than on environmental harm, leading to inefficiencies and limited revenue mobilization. Green fiscal policies in Georgia aim to correct market failures by internalizing environmental externalities through taxation and subsidies, thereby improving fiscal space and promoting low-carbon growth.

Public-private dialogue is a professionally-facilitated process in which government and businesses collaborate to achieve economic goals through policy reform. Most public-private dialogues focus on economy-wide issues, are adopted equally by both growing and declining economies, and precede a step-up in growth. Effects of public-private dialogues focused on specific industries are separately identified from economy-wide shocks. These are null on average, but there are some successes when they compensate for weak national governance and target nascent rather than established industries. For instance, Peru’s famous mesas ejecutivas for forestry and textiles had slightly negative effects, while Nigeria’s public-private dialogue for fertilizer had the largest positive effect.

The CPF financing and implementation arrangements propose an indicative program of US$6.75 billion for FY26–31, with a strong shift toward private sector-led development, led by IFC financing of US$6 billion and complemented by selective IBRD lending and WBG guarantees. The framework emphasizes mobilizing private capital at scale, fostering innovation, and leveraging Poland’s development experience for global knowledge spillovers. Through a One World Bank Group approach, combining advisory services, investments, and guarantees, the CPF aims to strengthen partnerships, support institutional reforms, and enable sustainable transitions in energy, innovation, and resilience, while maintaining a moderate overall risk profile and adaptive, results-driven implementation.