Modernization of Education in Japan.

Overview & Synopsis

The document traces the development of education in Japan from the 17th century to the present. It is presented in four chapters. Chapter one discusses the Tokugawa Period (1603-1867). Principal forms of schooling were hanko for the Samurai class and terakoya for the commoners. The hanko were established for the benefit of the fiefs; objectives of the terakoya schools were basic literacy and numeracy. Chapter two focuses on the period 1868-1885 which concentrated on westernization, industrialization, and national independence. Universal education, human resources development, and institutions of higher education were established during this period. Chapter three examines the period from 1885 to 1920. The modernization of politics and industry, crystalization of a national morality, promotion of technical education, and development of social education occurred during this time. Chapter four traces developments from 1920 to the present, including the time of reconstruction after World War II. Decentralization has characterized education in postwar Japan. Compulsory education has been extended, education for women improved, and special education developed. Japan now seeks to attract more people of ability to the teaching profession. Appendices provide enrollment and school statistics. (KC)