Climate Risks, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Resilience in Nepal

Overview & Synopsis

The authors investigate key climate change hazards affecting Nepali households and livelihoods, including river flooding, heat exposure, drought, landslides, and air pollution. The analysis examines the distributional impacts of these hazards by combining spatial exposure with measures of socio-economic vulnerability and coping capacity. Landslides are more prevalent in northern mountainous areas, while southern regions face greater exposure to flooding, heat, and drought. Coping capacity is stronger in southern lowlands and urban areas, leaving northern regions more vulnerable despite lower hazard exposure. Expanding settlements on steep slopes increase risks in mountainous areas. Forward modeling (2041–2060) indicates intensifying heat and rainfall extremes, especially in western provinces. Targeted investments and adaptation strategies are essential.