Understanding compression-extension error asymmetry in universal machine-learning interatomic potentials

Overview & Synopsis

Universal machine-learning interatomic potentials are increasingly used across diverse materials, yet their reliability under directional deformation remains unclear. We compare compression and extension along paired deformation paths from the same parent structures for eleven pretrained potentials. The benchmark comprises 1,963 Materials Project trajectory (MPtrj) parents and 1,286 experimental-source MinX-Eq parents at six strain magnitudes from 1% to 10%. Density-functional theory provides references for isotropic, uniaxial and biaxial loading in MPtrj and isotropic loading in MinX-Eq. At $\pm 10\%$, every model has a larger median force error under compression, with pooled isotropic compression-to-extension ratios of 2.12 and 3.30 for MPtrj and MinX-Eq. Decomposing error growth into DFT force-scale growth and relative-error evolution shows that relative errors decrease on both branches, faster under compression in MPtrj but slower under compression in MinX-Eq. Force-scale matching moves the error ratios toward unity, although MinX-Eq retains a compression-side excess across models. Radial and SOAP analyses place compressed structures at shorter separations and farther from public reference pools, while readout-associated model features show larger compression-side displacements. These results distinguish stronger physical responses from changes in relative predictive accuracy and provide a basis for assessing universal potentials in deformation simulations.