Improved Space Bounds for Promise Graph Coloring in Adversarial Streams

Overview & Synopsis

We study promise graph coloring in one pass insertion-only adversarial streams. We give a randomized algorithm that distinguishes 3-colorable graphs from graphs that are not 6-colorable using $O(n^{3/2}\log(n/\varepsilon)\log n)$ bits of space. This provides a truly subquadratic space algorithm for a constant coloring gap, answering an open problem posed by Assadi, Sundaresan, and Yazdanyar [SODA 2026] for $q=3$. Combining this algorithm with the vertex-sampling lemma of Assadi et al.\ yields, for any $144\lceil\log_2 n\rceil\le Q\le n$, a one-pass decision algorithm distinguishing $3$-colorable graphs from graphs that are not $Q$-colorable using $O((n/Q)^{3/2}\log^5 n)$ bits of space. This improves upon the $\widetilde{O}((n/Q)^2)$ bound achievable via dynamic streaming techniques. Setting $Q=\lceil n^{1/3}\rceil$ yields a semi-streaming decision algorithm, answering the decision version of another open problem posed by Assadi et al. On the negative side, we prove that distinguishing $χ(G)\le q$ from $χ(G)\ge(q-1)^2$ requires $Ω(n^2/q^5)$ bits of space, improving upon the previously established $q^2/4$ threshold using the same space complexity.