Science & Mathematics

Dans le cadre du projet VEgA et des humanités numériques en général, nous nous intéressons à l’utilisation des méthodes de reconnaissance d’image par réseaux de neurones à convolutions et, plus particulièrement, à la classification de hiéroglyphes. Nous présentons ici le modèle de classification utilisé, l’interface graphique permettant son utilisation par le plus grand nombre ainsi que l’analyse des résultats expérimentaux. Bien que disposant de très peu d’images (environ 44 exemples par classe), notre modèle obtient un score supérieur à 90% en validation.

The formation of aggregates and biofilms enhances bacterial colonisation and infection progression by affording protection from antibiotics and host immune factors. Despite these advantages there is a trade-off, whereby bacterial dissemination is reduced. As such, biofilm development needs to be controlled to suit adaptation to different environments. Here we investigate members from one of largest groups of bacterial adhesins, the autotransporters, for their critical role in the assembly of bacterial aggregates and biofilms. We describe the structural and functional characterisation of autotransporter Ag43 variants from different Escherichia coli pathotypes. We show that specific interactions between amino acids on the contacting interfaces of adjacent Ag43 proteins drives a common mode of trans-association that leads to cell clumping. Furthermore, subtle variation of these interactions alters aggregation kinetics and the degree of compacting within cell clusters. Together, our structure-function investigation reveals an underlying molecular basis for variations in the density of bacterial communities.

Predicting the future has always been one of the main aims of human beings in order to adapt their behavior and max- imize their chances of success. With the advent of the Web, which indexes a wealth of temporal information, a great number of research have been proposed in the area of Tem- poral Information Retrieval, but Future Retrieval has re- mained a difficult problem to handle. In this paper, we pro- pose to understand what the future is about. In particular, we present an exploratory study to understand how the tem- poral features impact upon the classiffication and clustering of different \genres" of future-related texts.

Micro-scale changes in earthworm communities and ground cover types were studied along five transect lines in an unmanaged beech forest (Fontainebleau forest, France). Spatial patterns were interpreted in the light of interactions between earthworm species and forest architecture, ground vegetation and quantity as well as quality of litter. The anecic Lumbricus terrestris was associated with patches of the grass Melica uniflora, with poor litter cover, while most epigeic species were favoured by accumulation of litter in the absence of grass vegetation. The endogeic Aporrectodea caliginosa avoided, at least in summer time, 4-year-old gaps opened by wind storms. Under the shade of beeches, the evergreen spiny shrub Ruscus aculeatus, and in opened areas the giant herb, Phytolacca decandra, seemed repellent to most earthworm species.

The diversity and the innovative characteristic included in the fusion technology are in opposition with a codification status, as code and standards are based on the recognized industrial feedback. By definition, no code exists for a real innovative system. The extension of the scope of a code or a standard to innovative systems such as fusion reactors leads to revisit the background of the code to define the requirements to introduce a new process or a new material. The developed methodology has been applied for the introduction of the X10CrWVTa9−1 steel (Eurofer), which is today in the Probationary Phase Rules of RCC-MRx. It was the first time that a “new” material was introduced into the code, new in the sense of non-existing in any current standardization. This process, still in progress, highlights the need to have a minimum of information on the expectation of the code regarding the material data. This paper describes the different steps of the introduction of the Eurofer in the RCC-MRx code as well as the tools developed to facilitate the process.

les travaux portent sur la mise en oeuvre d'un système de communication sur une plate-forme SUNDANCE, comportnat DSP et fPGA. Les techniques MIMO, OFDM et CDMA sont combinées afin de profiter de la diversité fréquentielle, spatiale Un nouveau schéma de codage MIMO / OFDM est proposé

The synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) reconfigures the local chromatin environment and recruits DNA-repair complexes to damaged chromatin. PAR degradation by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is essential for progression and completion of DNA repair. Here, we show that inhibition of PARG disrupts homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms that underpin alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Proteomic analyses uncover a new role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) in regulating the chromatin-assembly factor HIRA in ALT cancer cells. We show that HIRA is enriched at telomeres during the G2 phase and is required for histone H3.3 deposition and telomere DNA synthesis. Depletion of HIRA elicits systemic death of ALT cancer cells that is mitigated by re-expression of ATRX, a protein that is frequently inactivated in ALT tumors. We propose that PARylation enables HIRA to fulfill its essential role in the adaptive response to ATRX deficiency that pervades ALT cancers.

Dans le cadre des politiques européennes de développement régional, les coopérations transfrontalières représentent un élément de toute première importance, pour trois raisons : elles renforcent les partenariats entre, d’une part, les acteurs centraux, régionaux et locaux, d’autre part, les acteurs publics privés et associatifs ; elles s’adossent à l’architecture décentralisée des Etats en assignant à chaque niveau d’intervention son propre rôle en matière de développement ; enfin, elles favorisent l’initiative locale. Elles deviennent ainsi les vecteurs de la « gouvernance à niveaux multiples » qu’entend promouvoir l’Union européenne (UE), en liant l’organisation de l’action publique, les coopérations entre acteurs et l’ancrage dans les territoires. Pour un Etat très centralisé comme la Turquie il s’agit d’un défi et d’une chance : défi, parce que la régionalisation concerne directement la structure unitaire de l’Etat. Chance, parce que l’UE n’oblige à aucune décentralisation forcée. Au contraire, elle laisse aux acteurs nationaux le soin d’aménager leur propre architecture territoriale en fonction de leur trajectoire historique et de la négociation entre centre et périphérie. Cette Etude le démontre en insistant sur deux aspects des transformations turques : la décentralisation n’est nullement un préalable à l’adhésion ; des coopérations différentiées existent aux frontières avec la Bulgarie et avec la Syrie, preuve de la dynamique d’européanisation des administrations turques.

Henri Muller, de Schirmeck, achète un moulin près d'Urmatt et y installe en 1840 une filature et un tissage mécanique. Un château s'ajoute à cette usine, et l'ensemble prend le nom de « Mullerhof ». A la veille de la Première guerre mondiale, elle se compose de deux bâtiments à sheds ayant trois et deux niveaux, de six autres bâtiments à deux pans symétriques (l'un à trois niveaux, deux à deux niveaux et trois à un niveau, dont la chaufferie). La cheminée, ronde, a été détruite au début de l'année 1980. Photos 3 et 4 : installation hydraulique (vannes). Le potentiel est de 70CV.

Henri Muller, de Schirmeck, achète un moulin près d'Urmatt et y installe en 1840 une filature et un tissage mécanique. Un château s'ajoute à cette usine, et l'ensemble prend le nom de « Mullerhof ». A la veille de la Première guerre mondiale, elle se compose de deux bâtiments à sheds ayant trois et deux niveaux, de six autres bâtiments à deux pans symétriques (l'un à trois niveaux, deux à deux niveaux et trois à un niveau, dont la chaufferie). La cheminée, ronde, a été détruite au début de l'année 1980. Photo 2 : bâtiment à sheds à un niveau, postérieur à 1870. Les sheds sont dissymétriques avec verrière incorporée. Les fenêtres sont en plein cintre.

This paper deals with the design of observers for linear systems with unknown, time-varying, but bounded delays (on the state and on the input). In this work, the problem is solved for a class of systems by combining the unknown input observer approach with an adequate choice of a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional for non small delay systems. This result provides workable conditions in terms of rank assumptions and LMI conditions. The dynamic properties of the observer are also analyzed. A 4th-order example is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution.

This paper takes as its starting point a contact-induced grammatical innovation at the level of attributive predications that has been reported for various Romani speakers, in Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and the United States. Adopting a cross-disciplinary approach, we present evidence both from a historical study that documents individual and family itineraries in the Americas during the first half of the twentieth century and from a multi-sited ethnographic study on biographical narratives. These studies reveal the existence of close links among individuals from geographically distant localities. We suggest that, in the absence of normative linguistic institutions, complex multilingual practices seem to have modified grammar at the level of the bilingual speaker and ultimately of the network as a whole. More generally, by considering a less-studied population engaged in transnational mobile practices, we seek to illustrate how mobility allows for linguistic change to spread rapidly and widely.

Si, à côté des romans, des tableaux, des bandes dessinées dans le champ des images fixes, des jeux-vidéos dans celui des images animées, les films de fiction constituent des espaces de création et de narration artistiques qui suscitent l'intérêt des géographes, les analyses portant spécifiquement sur les films d'animation restent rares. Les films d'animation représentent pourtant des univers foisonnants pour les géographes et méritent que nous leur prêtions attention. Les équipes qui conçoivent un film d'animation ne donnent pas seulement « à voir » un monde, elles le conçoivent, le façonnent, le modèlent, le dessinent (que ce soit en 2D ou en 3D). Dans cet article, c'est une quête qui est menée, celle de partir à la recherche des « cartes-mères », celles qui manifestement avaient été suffisamment inspirantes pour que des équipes d'animation s'en emparent et les fassent apparaître significativement à l'écran : carte de l'Empire britannique et portulans pour le film d'animation Les Pirates. Bons à rien, Mauvais en tout (Lord & Newitt, 2012), la carte romaine pour le film d'animation Astérix. Le Secret de la Potion Magique (Astier & Clichy, 2018). L'intention ici est de dévoiler comment ces cartes célèbres deviennent, sous la houlette des équipes d'animation, des actrices à part entière dans ces deux films d'animation, tout en dévoilant pour Astérix les dessous de la création artistique de la « nouvelle carte » d'Astérix. Mots-clefs : cartes anciennes, décryptages géo-cinématographiques, films d'animation, imaginaires géocinématographiques, cartes-mèreIf, alongside novels, paintings, comics in the field of still images, video games in that of animated images, fiction films constitute spaces of artistic creation and narration which arouse the interest of geographers, analyzes focusing specifically on animated movies remain rare. However, animated movies represent abundant universes for geographers and deserve our attention. The teams who design an animated movie not only "show" a world, they design it, shape it, model it, draw it (whether in 2D or 3D). In this paper, it is a quest that is carried out, that of going in search of "master map", those which had obviously been sufficiently inspiring for animation teams to take hold of them and make them appear significantly in the screen: map of the British Empire and portolans for the animated film from Aardman studios (associated with the Sony Pictures studio) The Pirates! Band of Misfits (Lord & Newitt, 2012), the Roman map for the animated film Asterix. The Secret of the Magic Potion (Astier & Clichy, 2018). The intention here is to reveal how these famous maps become, under the leadership of the animation teams, full-fledged actresses in these two animated films, while revealing for Asterix the underside of the artistic creation of the "new card" of Asterix.

The reversible association of transmembrane helices is a fundamental mechanism in how living cells convey information and respond to physiological events. The cardiac calcium transport regulator phospholamban (PLN) is an example of a single-span transmembrane protein that populates a variety of reversible and competing oligomeric states. PLN primarily forms monomers and pentamers in the membrane, where the PLN pentamer is a storage form and the PLN monomer forms a hetero-dimeric inhibitory complex with SERCA. The binding affinity and free-energy of formation of the SERCA-PLN complex in a membrane have not been determined. As is the case for most transmembrane protein interactions, measuring these quantities experimentally is extremely challenging. In this study, we estimated binding affinities by employing in silico alchemical free-energy calculations for all PLN transmembrane alanine substitutions in a membrane bilayer. The binding affinities were calculated separately for the SERCA-PLN complex, a PLN monomer, and a PLN pentamer and compared to in vitro functional measurements of SERCA regulation by the PLN alanine substitutions. Initially, the changes in SERCA inhibition by PLN alanine substitutions were compared to the changes in free energy for the SERCA-PLN complex formed from the PLN monomer. However, the functional data for the PLN alanine substitutions were better explained by the formation of the SERCA-PLN complex directly from the PLN pentamer. This finding points to an inhibitory mechanism favoring conformational selection of SERCA and the interaction of a PLN pentamer with SERCA for ‘delivery’ of a PLN monomer to the inhibitory site. The implications of these findings suggest that the energetics of helix exchange between homo- and hetero-oligomeric signaling complexes is favored over an intermediate involving a free monomeric helix in the membrane bilayer.