Open Access Books

Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) a fondé une discipline nouvelle, la phénoménologie, où il développe une analyse descriptive des actes de la conscience intentionnelle (perception, imagination, souvenir, conscience d’autrui, etc.). Avec le premier livre des Idées directrices pour une phénoménologie pure et une philosophie phénoménologique (1913), Husserl définit la phénoménologie transcendantale comme « science des phénomènes ». Il expose la méthodologie de la pratique phénoménologique et conçoit un ambitieux programme de recherche : la description des actes de conscience doit permettre de révéler les structures essentielles de la subjectivité transcendantale. Ce faisant, Husserl ne crée pas seulement une nouvelle discipline philosophique. Il ouvre aussi la voie à une ambitieuse « refondation » des sciences empiriques et réaffirme la nécessité d’un certain rationalisme, tout à la fois théorique et éthique. Cet ouvrage explicite et interroge ce projet d’une « science des phénomènes », en examinant un à un chacun des paragraphes des Idées directrices. Commentaire de cette œuvre majeure, il constitue aussi une introduction à l’œuvre d’Edmund Husserl et à la phénoménologie elle-même.

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The putting-out system of production was a key feature of England’s woollen cloth industry and is regarded by many historians as a step along the road to capitalism. This paper considers the evolution of the industry in the late Middle Ages, the emergence of clothiers and their dependent out-workers and the nature of the relationship between the two groups. A detailed analysis follows of the growth, between 1475 and 1510, in the value of textile related debt litigation in the Court of Common Pleas, and revised estimates are given for the scale of the industry and the size of the workforce in the early-sixteenth century. Thus an assessment can be made of the importance of the putting-out system and its contribution to the success of the textile industry at that time.

Measurement is a multidisciplinary experimental science. Measurement systems synergistically blend science, engineering and statistical methods to provide fundamental data for research, design and development, control of processes and operations, and facilitate safe and economic performance of systems. In recent years, measuring techniques have expanded rapidly and gained maturity, through extensive research activities and hardware advancements. With individual chapters authored by eminent professionals in their respective topics, Advanced Topics in Measurements attempts to provide a comprehensive presentation and in-depth guidance on some of the key applied and advanced topics in measurements for scientists, engineers and educators.

In recent years, we have witnessed an increasing number of strategic urban regeneration interventions. Contemporary architectures, new solutions for urban organization, new models of intervention, support for innovative activities within regenerated neighbourhoods, and the formation of new public–private and non-profit partnerships are common features of most recurring regeneration programs. However, the most innovative aspect of recent regeneration processes is the goal of social integration, citizenship involvement, and social capacity building—objectives that call for new innovative approaches. It is time for a preliminary assessment of these processes to understand how they really affect local development: Do they really impact local communities? In the midterm, can we recognize real improvements in the quality of life in these regenerated neighbourhoods? Are gentrification, real estate market trends, and eviction dynamics really under control? What about social relations: Have they truly improved towards better cohesion? Have they triggered the growth of insurgent economies? Behind the glass facades, glittering promenades, and attractive public spaces, can we find a more integrated community and a more just urban organization? This Special Issue aims to explore and assess regeneration attempts around the world, analyze current trends, and propose recommendations for reshaping regeneration approaches to achieve a deeper social and economic impact, far beyond the restoration of built-up and declining parts of the city.

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has spread quickly and has caused a great number of deaths worldwide. Due to the progressively increase of infected patients, countries have used preventive measures against this pandemic, such as the use of face masks. The masks have become indispensable to control both public and personal health, by reducing the transmission and spreading rate of the virus. Nevertheless, the traditional masks hide our facial expressions and emotions, and also communication obstacles. In this way, the project, i9MASKS (supported by the Grant-in-Aid “Verão com Ciência” approved by Fundação para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT)), aimed to develop transparent facial masks by using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and as a result to reduce not only the transmission and spreading rate of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 but also to minimize the social and environmental impact of the masks. Besides the transparency, the material (PDMS) used to make the masks, has unique and advantageous properties, such as biocompatibility, gas permeability, flexibility and supports autoclaving processes allowing its reuse. To develop these PDMS masks, students and researchers have worked together and acquired multidisciplinary and innovative knowledge at a wide variety of fields, such as computer-aided design, rapid prototyping and 3D printing, microfabrication and microfluidics techniques, numerical simulations, microelectronics and optics, and nanotechnology and nanoparticle synthesis. From this project, several outstanding research works have been performed including both experimental and numerical investigations, which were later presented at the i9MASKS workshop . This book represents a collection of scientific extended abstract that were presented at the i9Masks workshop in October 2020, at the School of Engineering of Minho University, in Guimarães, Portugal.

In this essay, the speculative efficacy of some aspects of Plato's dialogues, seeking among the lines, among the margins of this work, unique places to enter them and contribute to 'orient themselves in thought'The Kantian sense. They would highlight the reflections on the idea of ​​good, the question of writing in Plato or the dialogue and dialectic relations. The dialectic guides the reading of the crratilo and the sophist that are collected in other chapters.

Green technologies can be identified as key components in Industry 4.0. The scope of this book is to address how conventional green technologies can be a part of smart industries by minimizing waste, maximizing productivity, optimizing the supply chain, or by additive manufacturing. This theme focuses on the scope and challenges of integrating current environmental technologies in future industries. This book, “Green Technologies: Bridging Conventional Practices and Industry 4.0”, aims to incorporate and introduce the advances in green technologies to the cyber-based industries. It is hoped that the novel green technologies presented in this book are useful in assisting the global community in working towards fulfilling the Sustainable Development Goals.

This book tells the story of the experts who sold the idea of Franco’s ‘social state’. Despite the repression, violence, and social hardship which characterized Spanish life in the 1940s and 1950s, the Franco regime sought to win popular support by promoting its apparent commitment to social justice. This book reveals the vital role which the idea of the social state also played in the regime’s ongoing search for international legitimacy. It shows how social experts, particularly those working in the fields of public health, medicine, and social insurance, were at the forefront of efforts to promote the regime to the outside world. By working with international organizations and transnational networks across Europe, Africa, and Latin America, they sought to sell the idea of Franco’s Spain as a respectable, modern, and socially just state. In doing so the book also seeks to disrupt our understanding of the modern history of internationalism. Exploring what it meant for Francoist experts to think and act internationally, it challenges dominant accounts of internationalism as a liberal, progressive movement by foregrounding the history of fascist, nationalist, imperialist, and religious forms of international cooperation. The case of Spain reveals the contested and heterogenous nature of mid-twentieth-century internationalism, characterized by the tumultuous interplay of overlapping global, regional, and imperial projects. It also brings into focus the overlooked continuities between international structures and projects before and after 1945.

Worin liegen die ästhetischen Eigenlogiken der Gattung des Genrebildes, also Darstellungen von Alltagsszenen mit anonymen und meist typisierten Figuren? Seit dem 16. Jahrhundert wurde diese Gattung in der Malerei populär. Sie erlangte ihr künstlerisches Profil in einem Prozess des Dialogs mit und der Abgrenzung von der Reproduktionsgraphik, der Historienmalerei sowie den anderen im Entstehen begriffenen Bildgattungen. Die Beiträger*innen bereichern die kunsthistorische Forschung zum europäischen Genrebild von der Frühen Neuzeit bis zur Moderne um ikonographische, rezeptionsästhetische und bildwissenschaftliche Aspekte. Dabei stellen sie insbesondere Bildphänomene und künstlerische Strategien der Temporalität, der Ambiguität und der Latenz als spezifische Dimensionen dieser Gattung ins Zentrum ihrer Analysen und liefern so eine Neuperspektivierung der Genremalerei.

The late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries are commonly characterised as an age of ‘neoliberalism’ in which individualism, competition, free markets, and privatisation came to dominate Britain’s politics, economy and society. This historical framing has proven to be highly controversial, within both academia and contemporary political/public debate. Standard accounts of neoliberalism generally focus on the influence of political ideas in reshaping British politics. According to this narrative, neoliberalism was a right-wing ideology, peddled by political economists, think-tanks, and politicians from the 1930s onwards, which finally triumphed in the 1970s and 1980s. The Neoliberal Age? suggests this narrative is too simplistic. Where the standard story sees neoliberalism as right-wing, this book points to some left-wing origins, too. Where the standard story emphasises the agency of think-tanks and politicians, this book shows that other actors from the corporate world were also highly significant. Where the standard story can suggest that neoliberalism transformed subjectivities and social lives, this book shows other forces which helped make Britain more individualistic in the late twentieth century. The analysis thus takes neoliberalism seriously but also shows that it cannot be the only explanatory framework for understanding contemporary Britain, and that ‘neoliberal’ cannot be the only descriptor used to categorise Britain in the past 50 years. The book showcases cutting-edge research, making it useful to researchers and students, as well as to those interested in understanding the forces that have shaped our recent past.

This book sheds light on the theory of political leadership, which is still an under-researched field of political science. It is related to the philosophical argument about determinism versus activism and helps to understand the basic conflict of the 21st century between liberal democracy and new authoritarianism. The book looks at Max Weber's typology of political rule and his concept of the ethics of responsibility, which are key to the theory of leadership. The author shows that the unfinished contest between democracy and new authoritarianism in the 21st century confirms the importance of leadership in old and new democracies as well as in the neo-authoritarian regimes and calls for a new type of political leaders.

Among the abundant Alfred Hitchcock literature, Hitchcock's Motifs has found a fresh angle. Starting from recurring objects, settings, character-types and events, Michael Walker tracks some forty motifs, themes and clusters across the whole of Hitchcock's oeuvre, including not only all his 52 extant feature films but also representative episodes from his TV series. Connections and deeper inflections that Hitchcock fans may have long sensed or suspected can now be seen for what they are: an intricately spun web of cross-references which gives this unique artist's work the depth, consistency and resonance that justifies Hitchcock's place as probably the best know film director ever. The title, the first book-length study of the subject, can be used as a mini-encyclopaedia of Hitchcock's motifs, but the individual entries also give full attention to the wider social contexts, hidden sources and the sometimes unconscious meanings present in the work and solidly linking it to its time and place.

Die politische Landschaft der Niederlande wurde viele Jahre lang von drei Strömungen - den Christdemokraten, den Sozialdemokraten und den Liberalen - dominiert. Die Lage veränderte sich ab Mitte der 1960er Jahre: An die Stelle der vorherigen Stabilität trat eine immer grössere Unberechenbarkeit. Auch nahm die politische Zersplitterung zu und seit 2002 verzeichneten populistische Gruppierungen wiederholt Erfolge. Die raschen Veränderungen im Parteienspektrum sorgen bei oberflächlicher Betrachtung für eine Überbewertung der Unterschiede zwischen "damals" und "heute": Der aktuellen Instabilität steht die erstarrte Unbeweglichkeit der Vergangenheit gegenüber. Ein solches Bild ist jedoch eine Vereinfachung, denn auch in früheren Jahren konnten die politischen Spannungen eskalieren, und immer wieder scheiterten Kabinette vorzeitig. Neben allen Veränderungen sind somit auch Kontinuitäten und langfristig wirksame Traditionslinien in der niederländischen Politik zu beobachten. Der Sammelband Eine zersplitterte Landschaft geht auf diese Kontinuitäten und Veränderungen ein, indem er all jene Parteien betrachtet, die im Jahr 2017 in die Zweite Kammer des niederländischen Parlaments gewählt worden sind. Die älteste von ihnen existiert bereits seit beinahe 100 Jahren (SGP), die jüngsten Parteien (DENK und FvD) sind erst kurz vor der Wahl gegründet worden. Fast alle Beiträge sind von Vertretern der wissenschaftlichen Büros der Parteien verfasst worden, wodurch ein einzigartiger Blickwinkel entstanden ist: wissenschaftliche Distanz kombiniert mit einer Betrachtung von "innen heraus".