Open Access Books

The study of early modern cancer is significant for our understanding of the period’s medical theory and practice. In many respects, cancer exemplifies the flexibility of early modern medical thought, which managed to accommodate, seemingly without friction, the notion that cancer was a disease with humoral origins alongside the conviction that the malady was in some sense ontologically independent. Discussions of why cancer spread rapidly through the body, and was difficult, if not impossible, to cure, prompted various medical explanations at the same time that physicians and surgeons joined with non-medical authors in describing the disease as acting in a way that was ‘malignant’ in the fullest sense, purposely ‘fierce’, ‘rebellious’ and intractable.3 Theories seeking to explain why cancer appeared most often in the female breast similarly joined culturally mediated anatomical and humoral theory with recognition of the peculiarities of women’s social, domestic and emotional life-cycles. Moreover, as a morbid disease, cancer generated eclectic and sometimes extreme medical responses, the mixed results of which would prompt many questions over the proper extent of pharmaceutical or surgical intervention.

Roberta Ulrich provides a concise overview of all the terminations and restorations of Native American tribes from 1953 to 2006 and explores the enduring policy implications for Native peoples. This is the first book to consider all the terminations and restorations in the twentieth century as part of continuing policy while detailing some of the individual tribal differences. Drawing from Congressional records, interviews with tribal members, and other primary sources, Ulrich delves into the causes and effects of termination and restoration from both sides.

Since the establishment of concepts of deep time in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, palaeontology has been one of the most high-profile sciences. Dinosaurs, mammoths, human ancestors and other lost creatures from Earth’s history are some of the most prominent icons of science, and are essential for our understanding of nature and time. Palaeontology and its practitioners have had a huge impact on public understandings of science, despite their often precarious and unsteady position within scientific institutions and networks. Palaeontology in Public considers the connections between palaeontology and public culture across the past two centuries. In so doing, it explores how these public dimensions have been crucial to the development of palaeontology, and indeed how they conditioned wider views of science, nature, the environment, time and the world. The book provides a history of vertebrate palaeontology through a series of compelling case studies. Dinosaurs feature, of course, including Spinosaurus, Winsor McCay’s ‘Gertie the Dinosaur’ and the creatures of Jurassic Park and The Lost World. But there are also the small mammals of the Mesozoic, South American Glyptodons, and human ancestors like Neanderthals and Australopithecines. This book shows how palaeontology is defined by its relationship with public audiences and how this connection is central to our vision of the past and future of the Earth and its inhabitants. Praise for Palaeontology in Public ‘Surely there is a one-way traffic from science to the media? In this remarkable collection of papers, Chris Manias and the authors explore palaeontological themes from the origin of life to interpretations of human culture, through dinosaurs (of course) and many other fossil taxa.’ Michael J. Benton OBE, FRS, FRSE, University of Bristol ‘Palaeontology is a strange science, at times arcane yet so accessible that many children dream of hunting for dinosaurs among sun-beaten badlands. Palaeontology in Public digs into the overlap of these two realms, and offers a much-needed exploration of how prehistoric beings emerge from stone and enter our collective imagination.’ Riley Black, author of Last Days of the Dinosaurs and When the Earth Was Green ‘In this sweeping multi-authored compilation, reviews consider how ancient animals have been presented to the public, for good or for ill. From Lucy the australopithecine to Gertie the dinosaur and Jurassic Park, never before has so much scholarly content on palaeontology’s popularisation been amassed in a single volume.’ Darren Naish, vertebrate palaeontologist and author

Dieses Buch – eine Open-Access-Publikation mit freiem Online-Zugang – bietet Führungskräften und Mitarbeitenden im öffentlichen Sektor sowie Studierenden eine ebenso kompakte wie kompetente Einführung in die wesentlichen Aspekte von Open Government. Das Konzept Open Government (offenes Regierungs- und Verwaltungshandeln) beschreibt einen Kulturwandel von Politik und Verwaltung hin zu mehr Transparenz, Partizipation der Zivilgesellschaft und Zusammenarbeit innerhalb des öffentlichen Sektors als auch mit Akteuren aus Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft. Durch die Digitalisierung und des Angebots offener Daten ergeben sich für Politik und Verwaltung neue Möglichkeiten der Interaktion und der Offenlegung von Entscheidungen. Das Buch bietet einen kompakten Einstieg in Themen wie Transparenz, Bürgerbeteiligung, Zusammenarbeit sowie der Öffnung von Datenbeständen. Ebenso wird die Teilnahme Deutschlands an der Open Government Partnership vorgestellt. Durch direkte Verlinkungen auf vorbildhafte Beispiele für ein offenes Regierungs- und Verwaltungshandeln in der Praxis sowie ein digitales Karteikartensystem wird umfangreiches Wissen anschaulich und zielgerecht vermittelt. Die Leser werden mit Leitbildern, Zielen und Methoden im Bereich Open Government vertraut gemacht und können diese kritisch reflektieren Im Sinne von Offenheit ist dieses Werk eine Open-Access-Publikation mit freiem Online-Zugang. Aus dem Inhalt Open Government – Grundlagen eines offenen Regierungs- und Verwaltungshandelns Transparenz 2.0 Offene Daten und offene Verwaltungsdaten – Öffnung von Datenbeständen Open Budget – Öffnung des Haushaltswesens Bürgerbeteiligung 2.0 Zusammenarbeit 2.0 Aktivitäten Deutschlands in der Open Government Partnership Inklusive kostenlosem Online-Wissens-Quiz mit der Springer Nature Flashcards-App.

Perovskites have attracted great attention in the fields of energy storage, pollutant degradation as well as optoelectronic devices due to their excellent properties. This kind of material can be divided into two categories; inorganic perovskite represented by perovskite oxide and organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite, which have described the recent advancement separately in terms of catalysis and photoelectron applications. This book systematically illustrates the crystal structures, physic-chemical properties, fabrication process, and perovskite-related devices. In a word, perovskite has broad application prospects. However, the current challenges cannot be ignored, such as toxicity and stability.

This Open Access book uses Mary Kaldor’s concept of “New Wars” to explore how ethnic conflict reshaped the social and environmental landscape of the Southern Caucuses following the collapse of the Soviet Union. It relies on remote sensing data and qualitative historical research to explore how armed conflict between non-state actors generated the region’s largest epidemic of P. vivax malaria since the 1960s. This book is an important addition to the literature on the Karabakh conflict and conflict studies more broadly because the infectious disease outbreaks associated with warfare often kill more people than the armed conflicts themselves. Warfare itself has also changed dramatically since the collapse of the USSR, and the Karabakh conflict provides an excellent case study of the way “New Wars” transform the natural and social environment to facilitate outbreaks of preventable disease. This extended case study will be useful to researchers from a variety of academic disciplines, including medical anthropology, geography, conflict studies, disease ecology, global health and public health. It also reveals the fragility of twentieth century malaria control in temperate regions and will assist in predictive modeling for future outbreaks.

This book studies the social consequences of bureaucratic and scientific change during the transition to modern states and societies in the Age of Enlightenment, as it explores how the Habsburg Empire deployed new ways and means to integrate existing structures into supra-regional systems of order. Exemplarily focused on Lower Austria, the book ties together the bustling imperial capital of Vienna and its hinterlands, where there was little economic, political, and social change before 1850. Previously unused archival materials such as administrative paperwork and printed wanted notes, in combination with published educational and legal texts, allow for the analysis of how bureaucratic procedures, social norms, and scientific change contributed to increasing exchange between Vienna, regional hubs such as Krems and Zwettl, and individual seigneurial holdings. Conceiving of these dynamics as a patchwork-in-progress, this study investigates state-making dynamics by transposing centralising norms and practices into everyday administration. It looks carefully at the intersections of local/central authority, offering a way beyond binary centre-periphery assumptions. This volume will be of interest to scholars of the history of state-making in and beyond Europe. Its up-to-date discussion of the pertinent historiography will also be useful for undergraduate and graduate students and teachers of comparative politics.

Wie gestalten wir die Hochschullehre der Zukunft? Welche Räume fördern effektives Lernen und kreative Entfaltung? Die Beiträger*innen zeigen aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Raum, Technologie und Lehrmethoden. Von hybriden Lernumgebungen, die Studierende in ihrer Selbstorganisation unterstützen, bis zu digitalen Prüfungsformaten im Nachhaltigkeitskontext verdeutlichen sie, wie universitäre Räume als Katalysatoren für kritisches Denken und kreatives Lernen fungieren. Das Fazit: Interaktive Formate und neue didaktische Konzepte transformieren die Lehre und revolutionieren das Lernen.

When the war was over in 1945, Germany was a country with no government, little functioning infrastructure, millions of refugees and homeless people, and huge foreign armies living largely off the land. Large parts of the country were covered in rubble, with no clean drinking water, electricity, or gas. Hospitals overflowed with patients, but were short of beds, medicines, and medical personnel. In these conditions, the potential for epidemics and public health disasters was severe. This is a study of how the four occupiers—Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States—attempted to keep their own troops and the ex-enemy population alive. While the war was still being fought, German public health was a secondary consideration for them, an unaffordable and undeserved luxury. But once fighting ceased and the occupation began, it rapidly turned into a urgent priority. Public health was now recognized as an indispensable component of creating order, keeping the population governable, and facilitating the reconstruction of German society. But they faced a number of insoluble problems in the process: Which Germans could be trusted to work with the occupiers, and how were they to be identified? Who could be tolerated because of a lack of alternatives? How, if at all, could former Nazis be reformed and reintegrated into German society? What was the purpose of the occupation anyway? This is the first carefully researched comparison of the four occupation zones which looks at the occupation through the prism of public health, an essential service fundamentally shaped by political and economic criteria, and which in turn was to determine the success or failure of the occupation.

Der effektive Schutz der Fundamentalgarantie von Art. 3 EMRK setzt klare Mindeststandards im Strafvollzug sowie deren konsequente Durchsetzung voraus. Herzstücke der Arbeit sind die umfassende Analyse der Mindeststandards im Lichte des Art. 3 EMRK mit den Schwerpunkten Überbelegung und Gesundheitsversorgung im Strafvollzug und eine differenzierte Implementierungsstudie zu den Enforcement-Mechanismen – von vorsorglichen Massnahmen über die Piloturteilstechnik des EGMR bis zur Überwachung durch das Ministerkomitee. Dabei wird insbesondere die Tiefendimension der Spruchpraxis des EGMR und des Schweizerischen Bundesgerichts ergründet und dargelegt, welche Massnahmen in welcher Umsetzungsphase und für welche Fallgruppen für eine effektive Durchsetzung sorgen können.

It is the first monograph-length study of the force-feeding of hunger strikers in English, Irish and Northern Irish prisons. It examines ethical debates that arose throughout the twentieth century when governments authorised the force-feeding of imprisoned suffragettes, Irish republicans and convict prisoners. It also explores the fraught role of prison doctors called upon to perform the procedure. Since the Home Office first authorised force-feeding in 1909, a number of questions have been raised about the procedure. Is force-feeding safe? Can it kill? Are doctors who feed prisoners against their will abandoning the medical ethical norms of their profession? And do state bodies use prison doctors to help tackle political dissidence at times of political crisis?

Über die Lohnstruktur im Nonprofit Sektor ist wenig bekannt. Mit österreichischen Arbeitnehmer-Arbeitgeber-Daten zeigt die Verfasserin, ob und wie ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter/-innen, Spenden und Subventionen die Lohnhöhe und die innerbetriebliche Lohnstreuung von bezahlten Arbeitnehmer/-innen einer Nonprofit-Organisationen (NPO) beeinflussen. Mithilfe von OLS- und Quantilsregressionen sowie einer Instrumentvariablenschätzung wird gezeigt, dass die Anwesenheit ehrenamtlicher Mitarbeiter/-innen die Lohnhöhe von bezahlten Arbeitskräften senkt. Ein ausgeglichenes zahlenmäßiges Verhältnis von bezahlten und unbezahlten Arbeitskräften reduziert die innerbetriebliche Lohnstreuung. Spenden erhöhen die Lohnhöhe für die oberen Lohngruppen einer NPO, öffentliche Subventionen erhöhen hingegen die Löhne aller Lohngruppen. Sowohl Spenden als auch öffentliche Subventionen vergrößern also die Lohnstreuung in einer NPO.

Public health & preventive medicine

The Europe of the future, democratic, freedom fighter, promoter of peace and well-being, is a task of all Europeans. The founding fathers of the European project opened up the path that men of good-will like David Sassoli were capable of dynamizing with determination and wisdom. It is important to follow their example and make of the general interest of Europe the common wish of each citizen and each nation.

"It is increasingly clear that the shapes of reality – whether of the natural world, or of the built environment – are in some profound sense mathematical. Therefore it would benefit students and educated adults to understand what makes mathematics itself ‘tick’, and to appreciate why its shapes, patterns and formulae provide us with precisely the language we need to make sense of the world around us. The second part of this challenge may require some specialist experience, but the authors of this book concentrate on the first part, and explore the extent to which elementary mathematics allows us all to understand something of the nature of mathematics from the inside. The Essence of Mathematics consists of a sequence of 270 problems – with commentary and full solutions. The reader is assumed to have a reasonable grasp of school mathematics. More importantly, s/he should want to understand something of mathematics beyond the classroom, and be willing to engage with (and to reflect upon) challenging problems that highlight the essence of the discipline. The book consists of six chapters of increasing sophistication (Mental Skills; Arithmetic; Word Problems; Algebra; Geometry; Infinity), with interleaved commentary. The content will appeal to students considering further study of mathematics at university, teachers of mathematics at age 14-18, and anyone who wants to see what this kind of elementary content has to tell us about how mathematics really works."