Open Access Books

Wie verlaufen die Argumentationsmuster in Völkerkundemuseen und den Wissenschaften der Völkerkunde sowie der Anthropologie zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts? Das Buch versucht, dieser Frage an zwei Fallbeispielen nachzugehen, indem der theoretische Diskurs der Sammlungs-, Ausstellungs-, Lehr- und Forschungspraxis gegenübergestellt wird. Der identifizierte Wandel von einem »Kultur«- hin zu einem »Rasse«-Begriff sowie der Perspektivenwechsel von Objekten hin zu Körpern wird dabei in einem breiten kolonialen Kontext interpretiert - über ein tradiertes Epochenverständnis hinaus. Dadurch werden Kontinuitäten und Brüche präziser erkennbar als bislang üblich.

The Australian Defence Force, together with military forces from a number of western democracies, have for some years been seeking out and killing Islamic militants in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan, detaining asylum seekers for periods at sea or running the judicial systems of failed states. It has also been ready to conduct internal security operations at home. The domestic legal authority cited for this is often the poorly understood concept of executive power, which is power that derives from executive and not parliamentary authority. In an age of legality where parliamentary statutes govern action by public officials in the finest detail, it is striking that these extreme exercises of the use of force often rely upon an elusive legal basis. This book seeks to find the limits to the exercise of this extraordinary power.

The text of the commentary to the Georgics of Benvenuto da Imola allows to illuminate the intertextual relationships between Benvenuto da Imola and Giovanni Boccaccio. Through a series of examples that highlight clear dependence on the Genealogia Deorum Gentilium, the De montibus and the Zibaldone membranaceo, the aim is to show Benvenuto's intellectual and cultural debt to the preceptor Boccaccio, thus configuring the Imolese as a personally known disciple and one of the first readers of Boccaccio's Latin erudite works.

The essay outlines an excursus on the historical origins and precedents of Public History (PH) practices in Italy, around three main themes: Cultural Heritage; School and University; Territory. National conferences are analysed. There is a rapid and widespread development of PH, but characterized by its roots in a pre-existing reality.

After decades of focusing on how to alleviate and prevent recurrence of acute CNS injuries, the emphasis has finally shifted towards repairing such devastating events and rehabilitation. This development has been made possible by substantial progress in understanding the scientific underpinnings of recovery as well as by novel diagnostic tools, and most importantly, by emerging therapies awaiting clinical trials. In this publication, several international experts introduce novel areas of neurological reorganization and repair following CNS damage. Principles and methods to monitor and augment neuroplasticity are explored in depth and supplemented by a critical appraisal of neurological repair mechanisms and possibilities to curtail disability using computer or robotic interfaces. Rather than providing a textbook approach of CNS restoration, the editors selected topics where progress is most imminent in this labyrinthine domain of medicine.

In Research as Development, Salla Sariola and Bob Simpson show how international collaboration operates in a setting that is typically portrayed as "resource-poor" and "scientifically lagging." Based on their long-term fieldwork in Sri Lanka, Sariola and Simpson bring into clear ethnographic focus the ways international scientific collaborations feature prominently in the pursuit of global health in which research operates "as" development and not merely "for" it. The authors follow the design, inception, and practice of two clinical trials: one a global health charity funded trial and the other a pharmaceutical industry-sponsored trial. Research as Development situates these two trials within their historical, political and cultural contexts and thus counters the idea that local actors are merely passive recipients of new technical and scientific rationalities. While social studies of clinical trials are beginning to be an established niche in academic writing, Research as Development helps fill important gaps in the literature through its examination of clinical research situated in cultures in low-income settings. Research as Development is noteworthy for the way it highlights the critical and creative role that local researchers play in establishing international collaborations and making them work into locally viable forms. The volume shows how these clinical and research interactions bring about changes in culture, technologies and expertise in Sri Lanka, contexts that have not previously been written about in any detail.

This collection addresses two interrelated questions: How are the lived experiences of contention remembered in the form of auto/biography? How is life writing, as an act of cultural remembrance, used in activism? Building on cutting-edge scholarship on the socio-political potential of narrating lived experience, this volume takes life-writing as a new point of observation on the entanglement between memory and activism. This is an open access book.

Did you know that many of the greatest and most colourful Ottoman statesmen and literary figures from the 15th to the early 20th century considered plague as a grave threat to their empire? And did you know that many Ottomans applauded the establishment of a quarantine against the disease in 1838 as a tool to resist British and French political and commercial penetration? Or that later Ottoman sanitation effort to prevent urban outbreaks would help engender the Arab revolt against the empire in 1916? Birsen Bulmus explores these facts in an engaging study of Ottoman plague treatise writers throughout their almost 600-year struggle with this epidemic disease. Along the way, she addresses the political, economic and social consequences of the methods they used to combat it.

This open access handbook synthesizes the current research about the impacts of digital media on children across development. Drawing on the expertise of scientists and researchers as well as clinicians and practitioners, the book summarizes research through interdisciplinary expert reviews. First, it addresses the cognitive, physical, mental, and psychosocial impacts on infants, children, and adolescents. Next, the book explores how media influences relationships, family, culture, and society. Finally, it examines the impacts of specific digital domains pertinent to youth, including education technology, video gaming, and emerging technologies. Chapters employ a parallel structure, including background on the topic, summary of the current state of the research, future research directions, and recommendations for relevant stakeholders. The volume examines the timely issue of optimal child development in an increasingly digital age, offering innovative approaches to establish a solid and robust scientific foundation for this field of study as well as evidence-based action for adults who support positive youth development. Key areas of coverage include: • Cognition and brain development. • Physical and mental health. • Problematic uses of the internet. • Race. • Gender and sexuality. • Parenting in the digital age. • Cyberbullying and digital cruelty. • Media policy. The Handbook of Children and Screens is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, educators, and related professionals in clinical child, school, and developmental psychology, social work, public health, epidemiology, neuroscience, human development and family studies, social psychology, sociology, and communication. This is an open access book.

Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung zu Arnold Schwarzeneggers Aussprache in seiner Erstsprache (L1), österreichischem Deutsch, und seiner Zweitsprache (L2), amerikanischem Englisch, über einen Zeitraum von 40 Jahren. Schwarzenegger erlernt seine Zweitsprache erst relativ spät, als er im Alter von 21 Jahren in die USA auswandert. Die Untersuchung seiner Ausspracheentwicklung basiert auf drei Studien, die anhand eines aus englischen und deutschen Interviews bestehenden Sprachkorpus durchgeführt wurden. Die Sprachaufnahmen repräsentieren Schwarzeneggers frühe (1970er/80er) und späte (2010er) Aussprache. Studien I und II beinhalten akustische Untersuchungen zu Schwarzeneggers Realisierung von voice onset time Kontrasten und seiner Produktion von Monophthongen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich im Laufe der Zeit seine L1 Aussprache teilweise an Aussprachecharakteristika der L2 angenähert hat, was einen Einfluss der Zweitsprache auf segmentale Merkmale der Erstsprache verdeutlicht. Gleichzeitig wurde beobachtet, dass sich Schwarzenegger in seiner L2 tendenziell weiter von (monolingualen) L2 Normen entfernt hat, d.h. er ist im Laufe der Zeit – trotz einer Zunahme an L2 Erfahrung – weniger muttersprachlich geworden. Studie III beinhaltet eine Perzeptionsstudie, die untersucht, ob eine Gruppe von 40 österreichischen HörerInnen Schwarzenegger in seiner deutschen Aussprache als mehr oder weniger muttersprachlich im Vergleich zu monolingualen österreichischen Sprechern wahrnimmt. Zudem wurde untersucht, ob und inwieweit ein nicht-muttersprachlicher Akzent in der L1 die Verständlichkeit eines Sprechers beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Schwarzenegger im Vergleich zu den österreichischen Kontrollsprechern in seiner L1 tatsächlich als weniger muttersprachlich wahrgenommen wurde. Gleichzeitig wurde seine Aussprache als klar verständlich beurteilt. Zudem beeinflusste der sprachliche Hintergrund der HörerInnen ihre Wahrnehmung von Muttersprachlichkeit erheblich, d.h. bilinguale HörerInnen neigten weniger dazu, einen Akzent als nicht-muttersprachlich zu bewerten als monolinguale HörerInnen.

Die gesellschaftliche Relevanz visueller Kommunikation nimmt immer weiter zu. Postmoderne Bildparodien sind Teil dieser Kultur. Dabei erschöpfen sie sich nicht im Aspekt des Komischen. Johanna Hornauer erläutert am Beispiel ausgewählter Werke von Sigmar Polke, dass Bildparodien eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Geschichte als autoritativer Instanz darstellen. Ihre Untersuchung von postmodernen Bildparodien als ästhetischer Praxis und Intervention in bestehende (Herrschafts-)Diskurse entwickelt neue Analysestrategien und fördert damit unter medienkritischer Perspektive ein generelles »Lesenlernen« von Bildern, das im Museum ebenso nützlich ist wie auf Social Media.

This book offers a phenomenological perspective on the criminal law debate on robots. Today, robots are protected in some form by criminal law. A robot is a person’s property and is protected as property. This book presents the different rationale for protecting robots beyond the property justification based on the phenomenology of human-robot interactions. By focusing on robots that have bodies and act in the physical world in social contexts, the work provides an assessment of the issues that emerge from human interaction with robots, going beyond perspectives focused solely on artificial intelligence (AI). Here, a phenomenological approach does not replace ontological concerns, but complements them. The book addresses the following key areas: Regulation of robots and AI; Ethics of AI and robotics; and philosophy of criminal law. It will be of interest to researchers and academics working in the areas of Criminal Law, Technology and Law and Legal Philosophy.

Oscillating Bodies reads together the depiction of human bodies in arabophone and francophone Tunisian novels. This produces an understanding of Tunisian society from the country’s independence in 1956 until the revolutionary upheavals of 2010/2011. It appears as a society that oscillates between the poles of tradition and modernity as well as various cultural influences. Oscillating Bodies also forms and can be read as an introduction to the Tunisian novel that is otherwise ignored by international literary studies.

A number of outstanding public intellectuals such as Jonathan Jansen, Crain Soudien and Lis Lange have been invited to present papers to clarify the conceptual challenge and what this might entail for theology. Well-known theologians such as Conrad Wethmar, Allan Boesak and Martin Prozesky reflect on the nature of theology and religion at universities amidst social exigencies. Two international theologians – Harold Attridge from the prestigious Yale Divinity School and Bram van de Beek from the Free University of Amsterdam – share their experiences of institutions that exemplify excellence and ecumenical openness.

Urban allometry empirically describes how “things”, for example crime, GDP, emissions, energy use, area, street length, housing prices, etc. change in cities when their size, in terms of population, increases. Urban scaling is a relatively recent area of urban science, investigating how measurable characteristics of cities vary with their sizes. This book addresses this relatively novel but highly debated topic within urban studies and geography. It presents many results, techniques, methods, and reflections on urban scaling and allometry. The sections are organized into different sub- areas such as socio- economic, infrastructural or environmental outputs, so that there is a broad organization of the findings into recognizable sub- domains. The book is particularly timely as it is becoming increasingly urgent and necessary to understand the pro and cons of different city sizes and therefore to plan policies accordingly. The book is especially interesting from a theoretical perspective because it presents the latest developments and achievements in the field, which will help to highlight potential universal rules across cities and regions. This book will benefit researchers in urban science, and scholars entering the field from various disciplines, such as geography, sociology, economics, mathematics, physics, or urban and regional planning. It will also find an audience among practitioners and policymakers.