Open Access Books

Sprawiedliwość jako cecha działającego podmiotu jest w swej istocie doskonałością całości, doskonałością jego istnienia. Taka doskonałość („dzielność”) całości zakłada sprawność każdego zasadniczego elementu naszego wnętrza – intelektu, woli i uczuć, choć nie jest po prostu sumą doskonałości tych elementów, jest czymś jakościowo różnym. Niemniej jednak Platona ujęcie doskonalenia elementów „wnętrza” człowieka prowadzi do refleksji nad powiązaniem sprawiedliwości z pozostałymi uniwersalnymi wartościami konstytucyjnymi – prawdą, dobrem i pięknem. Dzielnością (cnotą) właściwą intelektowi, symbolizowanemu przez władców Platońskiego państwa, jest mądrość, a ta nie może się obyć bez prawdy. Dzielnością woli, symbolizowanej przez żołnierzy i policjantów, jest odwaga pojmowana przez Platona jako postępowanie zgodne z własnymi, rozumnymi przekonaniami, a takie postępowanie jest fundamentem dobra (moralnego). Uczucia – symbolizowane przez wytwórców – ukierunkowywane, „pociągane” są przez piękno. Krótko, wiedza – ma być prawdziwa, działanie – dobre, a to, co wytwarzane – piękne. To przesłanie Platona dotyczące naszych uniwersalnych wartości konstytucyjnych. To też przesłanie dotyczące celów, których realizacji powinna służyć kultura duchowa – nauka zmierza do prawdy, moralność do dobra, sztuka do piękna. Platon każe przy tym pamiętać, że rozwój kultury nie jest celem samym w sobie, ale służyć powinien tworzeniu warunków rozwoju konkretnego człowieka, w tym tworzeniu warunków do bycia sprawiedliwym.

« Même si elle tient à la fois de la poésie et du sermon, la République est avant tout un livre de philosophie. » Et Nettleship, un de ses plus grands interprètes, énonçait en conséquence ce principe de lecture : il faut voir comment Platon arrive à ses conclusions avant de commencer à les critiquer. Pour les critiques, elles n’ont jamais manqué, que ce soit envers la nature utopique ou totalitaire qu’on reconnaît à l’œuvre, ou à l’égard de thèses métaphysiques ou politiques jugées exorbitantes, tel ce mystérieux « bien par delà l’essence » ou celle du gouvernement des philosophes. Dans les deux volumes présentés, ces critiques ne sont pas ignorées (elles sont parfois même reprises), pas plus que ne l’est le dur contexte historique ou biographique qui a environné la rédaction de l’œuvre, mais ce sont bien « avant tout » les questions essentielles soulevées par le texte et leurs difficultés qui sont abordées. Car la République n’a pas pour but d’exposer la théorie politique de Platon mais de réfléchir philosophiquement sur la politique, ce qui a pour effet de modifier et d’élargir considérablement le sens de ce terme. C’est ce que montre le premier volume de ces Études. Si la question est de savoir quel type de citoyens une cité doit former et quelle place elle doit assigner à ceux qui sont doués pour des tâches différentes, on voit en effet le lien étroit unissant le problème de l’éducation, donc du rôle des poètes et des artistes, la question de la nature de la justice dans la cité et dans l’âme, et l’interrogation quant à la sorte de bonheur qu’une cité si rigidement hiérarchisée peut apporter à ses membres.

This essay is a contribution to the tribute given to David-Maria Sassoli, highlighting the human values that characterized his presidency of the European Union, namely democracy and freedom, peace, solidarity, which are the fundamental pillars for the construction of the future Europe based on the cultural diversity of each member state.

Linguistique, mythologie, anthropologie, histoire se trouvent ici convoquées pour éclairer différentes composantes du champ littéraire indien : multidisciplinarité qui n’est pas seulement reflet de la pluralité de l’objet étudié, mais exigence méthodologique pour appréhender ce large éventail de littératures en relation avec les contextes socio-religieux de leur production, et, par là même, pour accéder au monde des représentations et aux modèles collectifs qui régissent l’Inde historique et sont présents dans l’Inde contemporaine. Nul doute enfin, que ces textes foisonnants n’aient été le lieu de bien des fantasmes de la pensée occidentale. L’étude de quelques-uns d’entre eux nous renvoie cette fois – jeu de miroirs – à notre propre imaginaire.

Com 28 anos de existência, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) marca o estabelecimento do direito à saúde pela Constituição Federal e inicia um processo intenso de revisão das estruturas sanitárias, de financiamento e acesso à saúde pública no Brasil. Nesse livro, o foco recai na apresentação do SUS, em quais são as suas atuais competências, princípios e campos de atuação, além de lançar um olhar mais atento nas questões relativa à saúde bucal e mental dentro deste modelo de saúde pública.

« Le 11 mars 2011, le district Nord-Est du Japon a été frappé par un tremblement de terre massif suivi d’un tsunami majeur et d’une série d’accidents à la centrale nucléaire de Fukushima avec fuites d’éléments radioactifs ». Tel est le message que le professeur Kanazawa, président du Science Council of Japan (SCJ) adressa quelques jours après la catastrophe aux présidents des académies des sciences étrangère …

A must-read for everybody who is interested in the German fusion of Edeka and Tengelmann. And a must-read for antitrust-lawyers who deal with buyer power. Retail industry, supplier and public authorities are typical cases for buyer power. The author discusses the role of the supplier in German, EU and US Antitrust Law. Additionally he shows that economic studies cannot verify any positive impact of buyer power. Quality, quantity and dynamic parameters suffer. The normative purpose of Antitrust Law also speaks for an equal importance of suppliers and consumers. The author concludes that Antitrust Law does not just focus on consumers but on the other side of the market in general.

Male Powerlessness investigates black African men’s lived encounters with intimate partner violence (IPV) and the ways in which these men make sense of, and struggle to overcome, their unprecedented experiences of abuse at a time when research on women’s experiences of gender-based violence is expanding. In the transnational and dynamic gender environment of the City of Johannesburg, men (local and immigrant) engage in short- and long-term relationships that are typically marked by contestation and conflict. This book examines how men may become abused in heterosexual relationships, a topic that has received little attention in South African literature. The book examines the impact of IPV on black African men’s masculine identities and helps us understand the many masculine constructs that abused men may articulate. The book explores male powerlessness and its implications for men’s experiences of IPV and masculine well-being. The book makes an invaluable contribution from an empirical, methodological, and theoretical viewpoint to the corpus of gender-based violence literature that will interest students of sociology, criminology, social work, sexual politics, feminism, and critical men’s studies, among others. Emmanuel Rowlands is a Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology at the University of Johannesburg and the author of “She is trying to control me”: African Men’s Lived Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence in Johannesburg (2021), and Hegemonic Masculinity and Male Powerlessness: A Reflection on African Men’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence (2021), and Autoethnography, Reflexivity, and Insider Researcher Dynamics: Reflections on Investigating Violence against Men in Intimate Relationships 2022), and Constructing Victimisation as Masculine Honour: Men and Intimate Partner Violence in Johannesburg (2022).

In der Reihe Slavistische Beiträge werden vor allem slavistische Dissertationen des deutschsprachigen Raums sowie vereinzelt auch amerikanische, englische und russische publiziert. Darüber hinaus stellt die Reihe ein Forum für Sammelbände und Monographien etablierter Wissenschafter/innen dar.

El debate acerca de la Reforma Previsional, aprobada en diciembre de 2017, inicia la actual crisis política en la Argentina. El proceso parlamentario evidenció fuertes tensiones, que se acentuaron, pocos meses después, en torno al acuerdo con el Fondo Monetario Internacional. El texto aborda las posiciones en juego y su inscripción en formaciones discursivas antagónicas, a partir de los modos de referir al afuera del recinto, las memorias que se activan y la semiotización de las emociones. El texto puede interesar a analistas del discurso y a cientistas sociales interesados tanto por el despliegue discursivo de las representaciones como por la historia argentina reciente.

History of the Communist Party of Chile and its role in the construction of the Chilean road to socialism led by the government of the Unidad Popular

We live in an era of traumatic discourse. The wound (trauma is the Greek word for “wound”) speaks multiple languages. Often the trauma registered is political—the trauma of war in Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and other nations and the concomitant European migrant crisis. Literature and films about Vietnam, the “Dirty War” in Argentina, 9/11, and, perhaps above all, the Holocaust, abound. We encounter memoirs of survivors, and now memoirs of the children of survivors. Furthermore, the recent series of brutal and unjust actions toward unarmed blacks by white law officers is generating a new discourse of the long-standing trauma of race relations in the United States. Autobiographical and other narratives of family trauma are also flourishing. Memoirs by the dozen seek to come to terms with childhood and youthful experiences scarred by radical alienation between family members, extreme poverty, addictions of all kinds, child and spousal abuse, child molestation and parent-child incest, sibling incest, divorce, suicide, and murder. The eleven articles in this Special Issue employ a variety of interpretive approaches to traumas such as these as depicted in literature and film. The cultures of ancient Greece, Germany, Argentina, the United States, France, and Chile are represented.

Between 1913 and 1916 Theodore Dreiser, already known for his realist portrayals of American city life, experienced a period of exceptional creative activity, which saw him radically rethink his literary techniques and expand the scope of his work. At the same time, Kyra Markham (born Elaine Hyman) was pursuing an acting career in the American “Little Theater” movement. That the pair were lovers, that they inspired, confided in, and criticized each other, and that they could not afford to speak on the telephone while apart has resulted in a substantial correspondence that illuminates their lives and work against the backdrop of the bohemian, dramatic, literary, publishing, and political worlds of the time. Their letters, along with others from their subsequent friendship, are reunited in this volume for the first time. This volume presents their correspondence as a dialogue, albeit one that is incomplete, due to the survival of only a minority of Markham’s letters to Dreiser. This dialogue nevertheless reveals as much about Markham’s testing of the limits of American ideas about gender and authentic living as it does about, for example, Dreiser’s reading and thinking as he reinvented himself as a writer, his struggles with publishers (over The Titan) and censors (over The “Genius”), the development of his plays, his views of Walt Whitman, John Keats, and Thomas Hardy (positive) and Hollywood (not so), and his continual struggles to keep his head above water financially. Of further, but somewhat different interest, are Markham’s and Dreiser’s perceptions of luminaries such as Maurice Browne and a large cast of “minor characters” from American bohemia and elsewhere – Floyd Dell, Margery Currey, Lillian Russell, Laura Jean Libbey, the painter Anne Estelle Rice, “technocracy” advocate Howard Scott, the brilliant but fragile Fritz Krog, and many others. Accordingly, the volume editor Keith Newlin provides extensive notes on all historical personages mentioned (except the few that it was not possible to identify), as well as explicating social, cultural, and occasionally political contexts. This is particularly richly detailed with respect to the Little Theater world in which both Dreiser and Markham were working.

The book focuses on the educational perspective of Riemann-Roch spaces and the computation of algebraic structures connected to the Riemann-Roch theorem, which is a useful tool in fields of complex analysis and algebraic geometry. On one hand, the theorem connects the Riemann surface with its topological genus, and on the other it allows us to compute the algebraic function field spaces. In the first part of this book, algebraic structures and some of their properties are presented. The second part shows efficient algorithms and examples connected to Riemann-Roch spaces. What is important, a variety of examples with codes of algorithms are given in the book, covering the majority of the cases.