Open Access Books

A fresh perspective on policy-making and planning has emerged which views disproportionate policy as an intentional policy response. A disproportionate policy response is understood to be a lack of ‘fit’ or balance between the costs of a public policy and the benefits that are derived from this policy, and between policy ends and means. This chapter applies this new perspective on the proportionality of policy-making to the area of climate change. The first part of the chapter discusses the underlying causes of disproportionate policy responses in broad terms and then applies the theoretical reasoning to understand the conditions in which they are likely to appear in relation to climate change. These conditions are hypothesized to relate to four main factors: economic considerations; levels of public demand; focusing events; and strategic considerations. It concludes with the suggestion that societal actors may be able to manipulate these four factors to encourage politicians to adopt policies that mitigate climate change more rapidly than is currently the case in most countries.

The article is intended to be a research reconnaissance, an attempt to face the variable and unstable resource of unofficial urban onims, to signal methodological problems that may arise during proper research, to show the possibilities and limitations of the researcher of this issue. Already from a superficial analysis prepared on a small set of colloquial urban names, difficulties arise related to the generacy, hermetic, openness of the set and fluidity of names different from official ones. The analysis led to the following conclusions that urban colloquial nomenclature arises by modifying official names through ellipses, phonetic changes, inflectional changes, etc. — existing names or through doublets — previous names, changed; and without reference to the circulation of official names in the form of urbanonyms created on the basis of associations, language games or language jokes.

American Pentimento traces the history of colonization and exploitation in the Americas coming to demonstrate how contemporary native struggles are decisively limited by embedded cultural assumptions this history has incorporated into the very constitution of the Americas. As Seed writes, "the most enduring popular images of native Americans originated in common economic ambition shared by Anglo-Saxon or Iberian colonizers." This book focuses on the European colonies whose rules for acquiring riches have most profoundly influenced the present-day options of most natives of the Americas: England, Spain, and Portugal. Seed brings her argument into the present by warning of the continuity in economic motives between our colonial past and our national present. Throughout the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand today, native communities's rights to wealth are governed by a host of modern regulations that seem to have deleted traces of the earlier colonial rules. But underneath more recently imposed standards can often be seen traces of earlier ones.

Coletânea que vem preencher uma lacuna importante no âmbito dos programas voltados para o controle dos processos endêmicos. Ela cumpre três objetivos principais: pensar o papel social da avaliação; discutir os problemas envolvidos na aproximação da teoria à ação no processo avaliativo; e colaborar com a prática de profissionais em avaliação no desenvolvimento de projetos ou planos de avaliação com foco na melhoria das ações. Os capítulos apresentam estudos sobre programas de dengue, sífilis congênita, vigilância em saúde, HIV e tuberculose. Embora os estudos avaliativos apresentados não possam extrapolar seus resultados para outras realidades, compartilham com elas conceitos, fundamentos e questões, bem como fatores que facilitam ou dificultam as ações em saúde. O livro tem a preocupação de articular o discurso com a prática, a teoria com a ação, de modo a aproximar a produção acadêmica dos serviços de assistência à saúde. Propõe processos avaliativos não para gerar informações de forma burocrática, mas para compreender como e por que aqueles resultados são produzidos, tornando-os cada vez mais relevantes para melhorar os serviços estudados. E isso requer avaliações que contemplem tanto as perspectivas técnicas e normativas quanto a visão dos usuários. Dessa forma, os achados de um processo avaliativo podem, de fato, contribuir para a tomada de decisões, os ajustes necessários nos programas ou a busca de novas alternativas.

Executive function refers to the goal-oriented regulation of one’s own thoughts, actions, and emotions. Its importance is attested by its contribution to the development of other cognitive skills (e.g., theory of mind), social abilities (e.g., peer interactions), and academic achievement (e.g., mathematics), and by the consequences of deficits in executive function (which are observed in wide range of developmental disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism). Over the last decade, there have been growing interest in the development of executive function, and an expanding body of research has shown that executive function develops rapidly during the preschool years, with adult-level performance being achieved during adolescence or later. This recent work, together with experimental research showing the effects of interventions targeting executive function, has yielded important insights into the neurocognitive processes underlying executive function. Given the complexity of the construct of executive function, however, and the multiplicity of underlying processes, there are often inconsistencies in the way that executive function is defined and studied. This inconsistency has hampered communication among researchers from various fields. This Research Topic is intended to bridge this gap and provide an opportunity for researchers from different perspectives to discuss recent advances in understanding childhood executive function. Researchers using various methods, including, behavioral experiments, neuroimaging, eye-tracking, computer simulation, observational methods, and questionnaires, are encouraged to contribute original empirical research. In addition to original empirical articles, theoretical reviews and opinions/perspective articles on promising future directions are welcome. We hope that researchers from different areas, such as developmental psychology, educational psychology, experimental psychology, neuropsychology, neuroscience, psychiatry, computational science, etc., will be represented in the Research Topic.

Lese-/Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten sind eingebettet in einen breiten Diskurs, jedoch sind die wissenschaftlichen Forschungsergebnisse kontroversiell. Die Komplexität des Themas führt zu einer Verunsicherung bei Lehrkräften im Umgang mit diesem Phänomen -- insbesondere in Österreich. Daher beschäftigt sich dieses Buch mit dem Handlungsrahmen von Lehrkräften in Integrationsklassen der Sekundarstufe in Österreich. Hierbei fokussiert der Handlungsrahmen auf Orientierungen der Lehrpersonen und Handlungsmöglichkeiten, die aus den Orientierungen abgeleitet werden können. Mithilfe eines qualitativen Designs wurden die Forschungsfragen bearbeitet. Die Auswertung des Datenmaterials, das auf narrativ fundierte Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen basiert, erfolgte mit der "Dokumentarischen Methode". Die Ergebnisse der Datenauswertung wurden in Zusammenhang mit den Forschungsfragen, dem wissenschaftlichen/theoretischen Diskurs zu Lese-/Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten und einer inklusiven Perspektive interpretiert und kontextualisiert. Das Buch ist für all jene geschrieben worden, die sich in diesem Kontext mit der Perspektive von Lehrpersonen befassen möchten.

archaeology - hunter-gatherers - early food producing societies - Northeastern Africa

Das Werk bietet eine Übersetzung des ‚Parzival‘ von Wolfram von Eschenbach an, auf der Grundlage der Sankt Galler Handschrift D, herausgegeben von Joachim Bumke.

The German pension system was the first formal pension system in the world, designed by Bismarck nearly 120 years ago. It has been very successful in providing high and reliable pension levels at reasonable contribution rates. While the generosity of the German pension system is considered a great social achievement, negative incentive effects of past reforms in the 1970s and 1980s and population aging are threatening the very core of the system. This has led to fundamental pension reforms since 1992. Based on a detailed simulation model of the German pension system, this book provides a thorough assessment of the system and its reforms. It shows that the latest reforms have put the system back onto a stable path and moved it from the old monolithic towards a multi-pillar system.

This work aims to think the unity of P. Ricœur’s thought and finds it in the most representative concepts of his thought that allow to approach the idea of person. Witness, attestation of self and conflict are the basic minimum categories that, in Ricœur, allow us to understand the subject both capable and vulnerable, who is no longer the traditional <em>cogito</em> nor the humiliated subject of Nietszche, but the only being who makes himself an agent and sufferer.

In 1896 the British physician William Pringle Morgan published an account of “Percy,” a “bright and intelligent boy, quick at games, and in no way inferior to others of his age.” Yet, in spite of his intelligence, Percy had great difficulty learning to read. Percy was one of the first children to be described as having word-blindness, better known today as dyslexia. In this first comprehensive history of dyslexia Philip Kirby and Margaret Snowling chart a journey that begins with Victorian medicine and continues to dyslexia’s current status as the most globally recognized specific learning difficulty. In an engaging narrative style, Kirby and Snowling tell the story of dyslexia, examining its origins and revealing the many scientists, teachers, and campaigners who put it on the map. Through this history they explain current debates over the diagnosis of dyslexia and its impact on learning. For those who have lived experience of dyslexia, professionals who have supported them, and scholars of social history, education, psychology, and childhood studies, Dyslexia reflects on the place of literacy in society – whom it has benefited, and whom it has left behind

While the explicit Althusserian engagement with Marx’s Capital remained largely limited to Reading Capital, after 1968, Nick Nesbitt argues, this theoretical intervention remained insistent, adopting the form of a general theory of materialist dialectic. The book thus analyzes the Althusserianist theory of a materialist dialectic across diverse sites including Althusser’s unpublished archive, Macherey’s exposition of Spinoza’s Ethics, and Badiou’s Logics of Worlds, while simultaneously bringing this fully-developed theory of materialist dialectic to bear anew on the reading of Capital itself, to show that Spinoza's influence on Marx is far greater--and that of Hegel increasingly diminishing--than has been previously thought.

The term “health literacy” was used for the first time in 1974 at a conference on health education and social policy; its definition has evolved over time to encompass both the patient’s understanding and their ability to process and interpret the health information they receive. The WHO defines health literacy as “the social and cognitive skills that determine the level of motivation and the ability of a person to access, understand and use information in a way that allows them to promote and maintain good health”. Literacy in health not only means that the person understands the information that the health professional gives them or that comes to them but also implies that they know how to identify accurate and appropriate information, how to interpret and judge this information, and are able to apply it according to individual circumstances and needs.

This book analyses the challenges of secrecy in security research, and develops a set of methods to navigate, encircle and work with secrecy. How can researchers navigate secrecy in their fieldwork, when they encounter confidential material, closed-off quarters or bureaucratic rebuffs? This is a particular challenge for researchers in the security field, which is by nature secretive and difficult to access. This book creatively assesses and analyses the ways in which secrecies operate in security research. The collection sets out new understandings of secrecy, and shows how secrecy itself can be made productive to research analysis. It offers students, PhD researchers and senior scholars a rich toolkit of methods and best-practice examples for ethically appropriate ways of navigating secrecy. It pays attention to the balance between confidentiality, and academic freedom and integrity. The chapters draw on the rich qualitative fieldwork experiences of the contributors, who did research at a diversity of sites, for example at a former atomic weapons research facility, inside deportation units, in conflict zones, in everyday security landscapes, in virtual spaces, and at borders, bureaucracies and banks. The book will be of interest to students of research methods, critical security studies and International Relations in general.

Il survient parfois un moment de l’histoire où les scientifiques, tous domaines confondus, s’imposent dans un même mouvement de faire le point des connaissances acquises et de tracer les routes à suivre. C’est à un tel moment que nous convient les leçons de l’an III, professées sous la Convention au premier semestre de 1795 devant plus d’un millier d’auditeurs, retranscrites par le soin de sténographes et aussitôt publiées. Dernière tentative désespérée pour offrir à un seul cerveau une connaissance encyclopédique ordonnancée par la raison analytique, ces leçons s’interrompront lors des journées de Prairial qui mettront un point (provisoirement) final à l’expérience si riche de l’École normale.