Open Access Books

W monografii została zaprezentowana analiza pozycji jednostki w postępowaniach w sprawach nadania stopnia i tytułu naukowego. Jej głównym celem stała się próba określenia pozycji jednostki w tych postępowaniach, porównanie jej ze standardami wyznaczającymi pozycję jednostki w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym i zarazem próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie ważne względy zdecydowały o tak szczególnym ukształtowaniu owej pozycji procesowej jednostki w postępowaniach o nadanie stopnia i tytułu naukowego. Ustawodawca, kształtując tę pozycję, posłużył się bowiem formułą odpowiedniego stosowania przepisów Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego w powyższych postępowaniach, dopuszczając tym samym możliwość obniżenia standardu pozycji procesowej jednostki w tych postępowaniach. Rozprawa jest pierwszym w polskiej literaturze opracowaniem monograficznym na ten temat. Książka zawiera wyniki badań naukowych przeprowadzonych w obszarze prawa administracyjnego procesowego, w których uwzględniono rozwiązania przyjęte w dotychczasowej ustawie o stopniach i tytule naukowym z 2003 r. oraz w nowej ustawie Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce z 2018 r., nazywanej „Konstytucją dla Nauki" (ustawą 2.0). Jednocześnie krytyce zostały poddane rozwiązania skutkujące ograniczeniem uprawnień procesowych jednostki w przedmiotowych postępowaniach, przyjęte w przepisach przejściowych zawartych w ustawie z dnia 3 lipca 2018 r. Przepisy wprowadzające ustawę Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce.

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License. It is free to read, download and share on Elgaronline.com. This timely book sheds light on the cultural, economic and legal aspects of content creation as a form of labour, investigating concerns over working conditions, worker protection, and the status of the working relationship. Chapters written by leading experts in the field explore two opposing, yet complementary sides of work: labour as an invisible and underappreciated effort made by influencers, and labour as an economic enterprise.

The variability of the characteristics of immigration at different territorial levels is an important key to interpreting social phenomena. This paper deals with immigration in the municipalities of the Northwest of the country. In the analysis, the databases of official statistics are considered. In particular, foreign population incidences based on ISTAT data in the last decades are used. The approach is a mix of complementary techniques of spatial analysis, known in the literature: the Univariate local Moran's Index, the Differential local Moran's Index and the LISA Cluster Transitions technique. The combined use of these tools allows both the representation of immigration structure at the municipal level and the analysis of its spatial dynamics. The results, determined by the complementarity of different methods of spatial analysis, allow to identify clusters of municipalities and to understand both differences and the dynamics of migration. The proposed analysis might be considered as a useful reference for the development of public policies at the local level.

Le champ politique ottoman présente de nombreuses discontinuités (les révolutions de 1908 et des années 1920). Par contre, l’étude des réformes nous amène à conclure à une évidente continuité à travers « le long XIXe », y compris au début du XX siècle. L’étude de cas de l’armée ottomane et des réformes militaires des Tanzîmât au XIXe siècle jusqu’à la Révolution kémaliste, au début des années 1920, montre différentes étapes d’un processus de changement. De ce point de vue, cette approche nou...

Des historiens de l’art et des littéraires s’associent pour aborder le miroir comme objet, comme métaphore et comme procédé de structuration des textes et des images au Moyen Âge. Ils tentent de voir comment et pourquoi une symbolique spécifique s’est développée autour du miroir dans cette période. Le miroir, objet de l’entre-deux et de l’être comme, est fondamentalement ambigu : outil de connaissance ou du simulacre, figure de séduction ou leurre, il captive et fascine. Instrument d’une représentation néoplatonicienne du monde, mais aussi d’une pensée sotériologique chrétienne, le miroir pose, outre le problème de l’identité (divine, individuelle, sexuelle), celui de la représentation. Dans la figure du miroitier se retrouvent en effet Dieu et l’artiste, ce qui traduit une interrogation sur le droit de cité du fantasme et de l’illusion, portés par la pratique littéraire et l’image au Moyen Âge. Métaphore privilégiée du livre, le miroir exige une interprétation pour échapper aux pièges de la captation. Le recueil, articulé en cinq sections et ponctué d’extraits de textes médiévaux convoquant à divers titres le miroir, propose un parcours à travers la littérature encyclopédique, les textes narratifs, dramatiques et/ou didactiques, mais aussi les enluminures ou les valves d’ivoire raffinées qui enserraient les miroirs que s’offraient les amoureux.

Old adults undertake multiple reduced cognitive abilities in aging, which are accompanied with specific brain reorganization in forms of regional brain activity and brain tissues, inter-region connectivity, and topology of whole brain networks in both function and structure. The plasticity changes of brain activities in old adults are explained by the mechanisms of compensation and dedifferentiation. For example, older adults have been observed to have greater, usually bilateral, prefrontal activities during memory tasks compared to the typical unilateral prefrontal activities in younger adults, which was explained as a compensation for the reduced brain activities in visual processing cortices. Dedifferentiation is another mechanism to explain that old adults are with much less selective and less distinct activity in task-relevant brain regions compared with younger adults. A larger number of studies have examined the plasticity changes of brain from the perspective of regional brain activities. However, studies on only regional brain activities cannot fully elucidate the neural mechanisms of reduced cognitive abilities in aging, as multiple regions are integrated together to achieve advanced cognitive function in human brain. In recent years, brain connectivity/network, which targets how brain regions are integrated, have drawn increasing attention in neuroscience with the development of neuroimaging techniques and graph theoretical analysis. Connectivity quantifies functional association or neural fibers between two regions that may be spatially far separated, and graph theoretical analysis of brain network examines the complex interactions among multiple regions from the perspective of topology. Studies showed that compared to younger adults, older adults had altered strength of task-relevant functional connectivity between specific brain regions in cognitive tasks, and the alternation of connectivity are correlated to behavior performance. For example, older adults had weaker functional connectivity between the premotor cortex and a region in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a working memory task. Interventions like cognitive training and neuro-modulation (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) have been shown to be promising in regaining or retaining the decreasing cognitive abilities in aging. However, only few neuroimaging studies have examined the influence of interventions to old adult’s brain activity, connectivity, and cognitive performance. This Research Topic calls for contributions on brain network of subjects in normal aging or with age-related diseases like mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. The studies are expected to be based on neuroimaging techniques including but not limited to functional magnetic resonance imaging, Electroencephalography, and diffusion tensor imaging, and contributions on the influence of interventions to brain networks in aging are highly encouraged. All these studies would enrich our understanding of neural mechanisms underlying aging, and offer new insights for developing possible interventions to retain cognitive abilities in aging subjects.

A key finding of previous RAND research on insurgencies worldwide since World War II was that an overall score on a scorecard of 15 equally weighted good and 11 equally weighted bad counterinsurgency factors and practices distinguished conflicts’ historical outcomes. Using the scorecard approach and an expert elicitation exercise, a RAND study sought to extend the findings to the case of Afghanistan in 2015.

The volume, dedicated to the 44th International Conference of the Italian Union for Drawing, investigates the theme of ‘Transitions’, which particularly effectively represents our time and the current condition of the discipline of Drawing. The term, beyond its generic meaning of an intermediate stage in a process in which a condition changes from one state to another, has always been used in various fields, from music to geophysics. In fact, the disciplines of drawing have always been confronted with themes and issues relating to transitions from one condition to another. The history of representation tells us of transformations, even epochal ones, relating to ‘drawing’, with all that such transitions entail: suffice it to think of the evolution of forms of representation, of instrumental apparatuses, of the mutability of supports, of the analogical-digital transition underway, of the new modes of communication on platforms, of the hypertrophic offer of images also on the net that confirms Guy Debord’s intuitions relating to the new spectacularisation of society. Similarly, representation triggers transitions in the prefiguration and communication of design, the anticipation and foreshadowing of future events.The challenges posed by the digital pose open questions whose scope can only be glimpsed, such as the relationship between drawing and the act of modelling, and the construction of new paradigms of visual language and communication. ‘Transitions’, almost implicitly, points to possible futures, the evolution of technique and the search for new modes of expression; at the same time, however, it can suggest silences and reflections in a process of connection between history, theory, criticism and construction.

Ce livre fait le pari de l’intelligence de la bande dessinée. Une intelligence profondément subversive. Intelligence cognitive, puisqu’elle sait fort bien se théoriser elle-même. L’analyste n’ayant plus, alors, qu’à se mettre modestement à son écoute. Première subversion. Intelligence sémiotique, ensuite, puisque tout est donné à voir à travers le dessin en bande dessinée (y compris son dispositif et même l’invisible) et que le décor et les corps jouent un rôle considérable dans la construction du récit. Deuxième subversion. Intelligence médiatique, enfin, puisque la bande ­dessinée transforme son lecteur en témoin et que ses formes sémiotiques s’inventent à travers différents supports qu’elle sait tout aussi bien mettre à son service, nouant alors histoire et théorie. Troisième subversion. La bande dessinée constitue ainsi une forme singulière d’intelligence narrative graphique et un appareil – notion proposée par Jean-Louis Déotte – profondément subversif. Pascal Robert est professeur des universités à l’Enssib où il anime le séminaire « La bande dessinée en questions ». Il a dirigé « Bande dessinée et numérique » (CNRS Éditions, 2016) et publié « De l’incommunication au miroir de la bande dessinée » (Presses universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2017).

Cet ouvrage vous fera découvrir la vie de la colonie suisse de Chabag, cette « cinquième Suisse » située au bord de la mer Noire. Durant plus de cent ans, cinq générations de colons vaudois et bâlois y ont cultivé la vigne. Sujets russes, puis roumains, Vaudois et Bâlois de cœur, ils ont conservé l’attachement aux valeurs suisses et ont perpétué les traditions et les dialectes parlés dans leur Patrie. L’histoire de Chabag de 1822 à 1944 y est racontée sur la base de documents historiques inédits et de témoignages de personnes y ayant vécu. Malgré les vicissitudes politiques, les deux guerres mondiales, les bouleversements politiques survenus dans cette région, Chabag a su préserver les valeurs qui rapprochent toutes les communautés suisses de l’étranger : patriotisme, fidélité aux traditions et usage des langues maternelles. L’histoire de cinq générations de Suisses de Chabag sert de clé de lecture à la grande Histoire, celle de la Suisse et de l’Europe.

A importância da diversidade étnica brasileira e seus desafios são aspectos fundamentais para os profissionais que atuam no campo da saúde indígena. É nesse contexto que se insere o primeiro volume desta publicação. Trata-se de contribuição relevante e inédita ao debate e à consolidação da vigilância alimentar e nutricional no âmbito da saúde indígena. Povos indígenas e o processo saúde-doença; situações e determinantes de saúde e nutrição da população brasileira; sociodiversidade, alimentação e nutrição indígena; políticas públicas e intervenções nutricionais: eis alguns dos temas abordados nesta coletânea, valioso instrumento de reflexão também sobre as potencialidades do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) para a prevenção de agravos nutricionais e a promoção da saúde. Já o segundo volume discute a avaliação nutricional de comunidades e indivíduos, em todas as faixas etárias e mesmo na gestação, e destaca as duas faces de um problema: os déficits de crescimento ou subnutrição, de um lado, e o sobrepeso e a obesidade, de outro. Oferece ao leitor as bases para a realização do diagnóstico nutricional na atenção básica; aprofunda o estudo de técnicas e procedimentos usados nas medições antropométricas; destaca como a informação pode orientar ações, reorganizar serviços e melhorar a assistência; e explica as etapas de organização do fluxo de dados, desde a construção até o uso para o planejamento de intervenções, passando pela análise (com ferramentas estatísticas e epidemiológicas) e pela divulgação de resultados.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has emerged as a useful tool for optimizing biological treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). Reactive TDM has rationalized the management of primary non-response and secondary loss of response to biologics, while cumulative evidence suggests that proactive TDM is efficacious for optimizing anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in patients with IBD. Proactive TDM can be very useful for optimizing biological therapy in specific IBD populations, such as pregnant women as well as patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease and acute severe ulcerative colitis who are characterized by high drug clearance. Preliminary data suggest that proactive TDM may also have a role in de-escalating anti-TNF therapy in patients in clinical remission including stopping the immunomodulator when combined with anti-TNF therapy. However, several knowledge gaps and limitations hinder the wide implementation of TDM in clinical practice, including the optimal drug concentration to target the lag time between sampling and results and the lack of harmonization of TDM assays. Recent advances regarding the role of TDM include the use of rapid point-of-care assays and the incorporation of model-informed precision dosing. The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the clinical utility of TDM and discuss the barriers and recent advances of TDM of biologics in IBD and other IMID.

Vordringliches Anliegen dieser Arbeit ist es, die in der "Literaturnaja gazeta" in der Zeit von 1964 bis 1978 veröffentlichen Beiträge zu Sprachfragen, die über dreizehn Jahrgangsbände verteilt sind, weiteren Forschungen zugänglich zu machen. Diesem Zweck dient allein die vollständige Dokumentation der Beiträge (Teil III), sondern auch eine erste Auswertung des sehr umfangreichen und thematisch äußerst vielseitigen Materials, für die sich zwei Fragestellungen anboten: 1. Welche Rolle spielt die Sprachrubrik in der "Literaturnaja gazeta" als Massenmedium in der praktischen sprachpolitischen Arbeit des Institut russkogo jazyka? 2. Wie reagiert der Sprachbenutzer auf solche sprachlenkenden Maßnahmen?

Fighting Global Neo-Extractivism: Fossil-Free Social Movements in South Africa analyses social struggles over damaging new fossil-fuel projects in the Global South with a focus on South Africa, Africa’s biggest fossil fuel emitter. Fossil-fuel extraction in South Africa has reached a new accelerated phase in which the fossil-fuel frontier is moving beyond historical ‘sacrifice zones’ into non-traditional spaces, such as conservation parks and middle-class neighbourhoods, and provoking fervent opposition from grassroots activists. This book examines campaigns such as Frack Free South Africa and Save our iMfolozi Wilderness, viewing them as struggles against neo-extractivism driven by the state and industry. Through a series of detailed case studies, it highlights the shaping of mobilisation patterns by prior land use practices and the capacity to mobilise different social groups across race and class. Developing the notion of the fossil-fuel frontier as the material and political boundary that activists in South Africa and elsewhere in the world render visible, this volume provides a theoretical framework to understanding global mobilisation patterns. This timely and impassioned book will appeal to students and researchers interested in a range of subjects, including environmentalism, social movements, political ecology, and development studies.